Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Analysis of Arthur Young’s Travels in France

DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENT, HISTORY AND JUSTICE CAMPBELL UNIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF ARTHUR YOUNG’S TRAVELS IN FRANCE BY DANIELLE KING Submitted to Professor Ocana in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Western Civilization 112 November 3, 2010 Arthur Young was born on September 11, 1741 in Bradfield, a village in Suffolk, England. After he dropped out of school and acquired a job in a mercantile house, for which he was not suited for, Young began his writing career at the age of seventeen. He was much more inclined to write than work in a more commercial capacity as he later became a great English agriculture writer.Although Young was such a fantastic agriculture writer he is most known for his social and political writings. Young was not very successful with the land from the start; however, after inheriting the land around his home after the death of his mother and through a series of failed farming attempts elsewhere in England, he began to learn quite a lot about agricul ture. From this point Young began to write several books and journals about agriculture in and around England and his popularity grew tremendously. After having made quite a name for himself in the world of agriculture, Young began to travel outside of England.Young first went to Ireland in 1776 and published his findings there four years later with Tour in Ireland. Young’s most popular excursion was to France, which he first visited in 1787. Young explored the country in great detail learning a good deal from the people and the land. Young meticulously documented the condition of the soil and other agricultural data as well as his opinions as to the political and social reasons for Frances’ agricultural failure. This information was published in 1792 split into two volumes titled Travels in France.The reason this work was so important then and still important today is because Young gives a remarkable account of the social, economic, and political problems and struggle s leading up to and just after the beginning of the French Revolution. During the section of Travels in France that discussed his thoughts on the French Revolution, Young was enraged by much of what he saw. The issues that seemed to frustrate Young the most were unequal taxes, harsh penal codes, and a lack of justice in the court system. The first major dilemma Young discusses is a system of unequal taxes.He begins by giving the reader an understanding of how the kingdom was organized. Young says that the kingdom was broken into generalities with an intendant appointed to govern them. The generalities were broken down further into elections which were governed by â€Å"sub-de-legue†; this position was appointed by the intendant. Needless to say, the intendant held a vast amount of power particularly with regards to taxation. According to Young these intendants could â€Å"exempt, change, add, or diminish† taxes on a whim. (Young) With this type of control it is easy to see why befriending the intendant might be advantageous.It was known that the friends and family, even very distant relatives could benefit financially from a connection to the intendant. Naturally people without this connection were very upset as, since taxes still had to be paid to the kingdom, they were the ones to shoulder this financial burden. There were exemptions allowed for the intendants, sub-de-legues, nobility, clergy, and the friends and family of these people. The poor of the kingdom felt as though the people with the most economic resources were exempted from paying taxes because they were fortunate enough to have those resources.The second issue Young uncovers while traveling in Frances is the kingdoms’ unequal and unfairly harsh penal code. Young uses, as an example, the laws for salt smugglers. Taken from his Travels in France were eight extremely strict regulations covering the offenders accused of smuggling salt. The first law mentioned says that if five or more armed salt smugglers are gathered together in Provence they will be fined and spend nine years in jail. If these same people were anywhere else in the kingdom they would be put to death.The next law says that if less than five but more than one armed smugglers are gathered together they get a second chance. The first time they are caught meeting, they will be fined and sentenced to three years in jail. The second time they will be killed. The third rule discusses unarmed smugglers that have some sort of transportation to move the salt. This could be in the way of animals and or carts while traveling on land or a boat if the smuggler is on the water. At this point the punishments become slightly less severe with the first offence being only the fine of the previous law without the time in jail.However, if that fine is not paid then the same three years time will be served. With this law as well, the smuggler would have a second chance although the second offence carried a muc h stiffer penalty. In most of the kingdom a heaver fine was required as well as nine years jail time. In Provence, a smuggler could expect to go to jail for five years without the fine. In Dauphine, however, the second offence would take away a smuggler’s freedom for the rest of his life. The next law covers unarmed smugglers without transportation.This is the least severe of the punishments for males having only a small fine for the first offence. If the smuggler does not have the money to pay the fine they are flogged and branded. The second time they are caught is not much worse with a fine and six years jail time. The fifth law sets the punishments for women; it is very interesting that are given three chances and not given jail time for either offence. The first time they are sentenced with a very small fine and the second time a slightly larger fine. The husband is responsible for the fine. The third time they are flogged and permanently put out of the kingdom.The next law says that the child smugglers are treated the same as the women with both parents held liable for the fine. After the common people of the kingdom, the nobles are mentioned. If nobles are caught, their titles and estates are taken away from them. No fine or jail time is necessary for the same crime that common people could be put to death for. The last law in this excerpt discusses what Young thinks is the salt or revenue employee that smuggles on the side. This person would be sentenced to death. If this employee steals or transports the stolen salt they would be hung.This is the only law listed that describes a particular kind of death showing how important they felt this crime was. The final major issue Arthur Young found with the French during his journey through the kingdom was with the lack of justice in the court system. In his words the justice that was administered was â€Å"partial†, â€Å"venal†, and â€Å"infamous†. (Young) He goes on to say that after conversing with numerous men in several different areas around France all of them felt as if the legal system needed serious reform, as equal justice under the law was completely impossible due to widespread corruption.Young found that as two parties stood before the judge the winner of the dispute would be whichever party could bribe the judge more. Shockingly, this bribe did not always have to be monetary; it could also be the â€Å"beauty of a handsome wife† (Young) The only way justice would be served was if two conditions were both meet; neither party could have any connection to the judge (or anyone else in power) and neither party could have something of value to offer the judge, be it money, land, or women.If either of these conditions was not met, the party that knew the judge or had the available resources would be victorious. Furthermore, the judges had the authority to originate decrees. Not surprisingly, they did this without the permission of the King. As it turns out, these â€Å"parliaments† had configured a judicial system where they made the laws and then turned around and punished people for breaking these laws. Young had uncovered what he described as â€Å"a horrible system of tyranny†.Young’s main points of unbalanced taxes, unforgiving penal codes, and the deceitful legal system help to bring into focus his feelings of why the French were doomed for a revolution. He does a wonderful job of really capturing the feeling of the typical Frenchmen at the time. Although he arrived in the kingdom to evaluate the conditions of the soil and other aspects of the farming environment, he seemed to leave with a thorough understanding of French society in the late 1780’s. The only bias shown in the piece might be in that Young only makes note of the thoughts, fears, and complaints of the working class citizens.From the reading, it is difficult to get a sense of how the people in power felt about day-to-day lif e. Because of this one-sided account, any reader would automatically find themselves cheering for the â€Å"little people† and suppressing a growing detestation for persons of authority. The principle value of Arthur Young’s Travels in France is that the people of this day and age studying the French Revolution have an excellent report of some of the events leading up to it. Young goes deeper into the major concerns of the day than the average textbook can.The reader truly gets the opportunity to feel the pain of the local townspeople. Textbooks try to hit the highlights of history, which sticks mainly to important kings and key politicians, where in pieces like Young’s, readers get to understand the plight of the average Joe. Bibliography Stead, David. Arthur Young. EH. Net Encyclopedia 2003. http://eh. net /encyclopedia/article/stead. young Young, Arthur. Arthur Young’s Travels in France During the Years 1787, 1788, 1789. London: George Bell and Sons, 1 909.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

The concept of self

Changing ideas, beliefs and values impacts an individual's self-schemas and ay lead to a changing of consumer behavior or the removal of behavioral constraints (Blakeley, 1996). Self-concept can be described as multi-faceted (Arnold, et al, 2004), and includes a collection of images, activities, goals, feelings, roles, traits and values. These play a part in different aspects of an individual's perception Of self. The Me-self (Mead, 191 3) can be considered the socialized aspect of the individual and represents a constructed self- image from learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of others and society.The Me-self has been developed by the knowledge of society and social interactions and is considered a phase of self that is in the past (Mead, 1913). The I-self however, plays the role of the active observer, the knower, or the information processor (Arnold, et al, 2004). The ‘l' therefore, can be considered the present and future phase of self and represents an individua l's identity based on the response to the â€Å"iv aspect (Mead, 1913). For example, the ‘I' understands how society says an individual should behave and socially interact and they align with the perceived set standards, and that notion becomes self.The ‘Me' and ‘l' have a didactic relationship, almost like system of checks and balances. In essence, the Me-self prevents an individual for example, from breaking the rules or boundaries of societal expectations, while the I-self allows the individual to still express creativity and individualism (Mead, 1913). The I-self and me-self further interlink and enables an individual to understand when to possibly push boundaries that govern social interactions (Mead, 1913).Charles Cooley's (1988) concept of the looking glass self, states that an individual's self grows out of social interactions. The view that an individual has of themselves comes from the interpolation of personal qualities and impressions of the perception s of others (Isakson, 2013). Cooley's (1988) concept on the looking glass self describes that how we see ourselves does not come from who we really are, but rather from how we perceive how others see us.This can influence the monitoring self of consumer where a high self-monitor individual may be more highly concerned about how they are perceived by others and may change their behavior to be viewed in a more positive manner rather than a low self-monitor individual, who may have stronger self beliefs and may tend o behavior more consistently (Arnold, et al, 2004). The extended self, as theorized by Russell Bell (1 988), comprises of external objects, in which the emotional attachment to those objects become perceived as being a part of ourselves.Our possessions are a major contributor and reflection of our identities and this construct of the extended self involves consumer behavior rather than buyer behavior (Bell, 1988). Marketers are interested in the concept of the extended self as consumers regard possessions as a part of themselves and this would enable understanding of consumer behavior and consumption patterns. The most direct form of evidence by Bell (1988) supporting his theory on the extended self is found in the nature of self-perceptions.Firstly, Bell (1988) found that the extended self was not limited to external objects and personal possessions, but also included persons, places as well as body parts and vital organs. This thinking is used especially when marketing goods with connotations of patriotism in most of the world. For example, the slogan used by the famous soft drink company L&P ‘ rural famous in New Zealand†, appeals to and makes potential nonusers highly involved if they consider New Zealand part of their extended selves (Watson, 2001).Bell (1988) further argues that perceived characteristics of an object may not always correspond with the perceived characteristics Of self. To demonstrate, he proposed that an individual c an consider an object like the Statue of Liberty to be a part of themselves, but not actually holding a self-concept composed of characteristics attributed to the statue. Marketers are interested in the concept of self because it is much more than just brand or brand image. Non-brand images, such as example a cigarette smoker or a person with a Ferreira can contribute strongly to self.Post-acquisition object bonding, which may happen after buying a dog can be identified by marketers as a possible strong influence to the sense of self (Bell, 1988). Marketers are interested in the role possessions play in influencing and shaping an individual. For example, after buying a dog, advertisements about dog food, which have never appealed to the individual before, now do. Marketers can play a persuasive role in stimulating need recognition to the individual brought about by their purchases.Besides intro over objects, control by objects, as Bell (1988) theorized may also contribute to an item being viewed as a part of self. We may impose our identities on objects but possessions may also impose their identities on us (Furry, 1978). The longer we possess or get possessed by the object, the more a part of self it becomes (Furry, 1978). Marketers use this knowledge of the extended self in the form of samples, test drive with cars, 10 day free trials with products.Understanding self-concept helps marketers realism that time spent with the product or object is time that an individual may feel more notionally attached to it and have a harder time parting from it. The concept of extended self is of high interest to marketers as the digital age is a relatively new phenomenon. In the digital world, there are a number of differences with concept of the extended self, mainly due to the destruction by the advancement of technology (Bell, 2013). This means that the numerous objects that were marketed to individuals can now be accessed and complied into one platform.Furthermore, it c reates different ways that individual interact with and project themselves onto others (Bell, 2013). However, Bell (2013) proposes that an individual may have a different online persona as compared to offline. A marketer's interest lies in the understanding of an individual's online sense of self, for example, a consumer purchasing from an online website to accurately interpret the individual's online attitudes and beliefs. Self-concept consists of two dynamic processes, interpersonal and interpersonal.Within the facets of self, these two processes play an influential role. The interpersonal process is an individual's cognitive processing, affect and motivation (Archer, Gurney and Moan, 2013). The interpersonal process makes up the I-self and has socially-developed self- knowledge involving goals, strengths, limitations and moods. This process interacts with the external interpersonal self, which includes social perception, choice of situation, interaction strategy and reaction to f eedback (Arnold, et al, 2004) and vice-versa.Marketers are interested in understanding interpersonal and interpersonal processes as individuals' perceptions are generally different from One other. This is due to an interpersonal self shaped around each individuals own personal experiences. Individuals act based on what dynamic self process they are feeling at that time (Arnold, et alarm 2004). Therefore, marketers would better understand their target market by having apt knowledge of these two processes. Possessions are not only considered a part of self, but also are important in the development of self (Bell, 1988).This contributes to the self-narrative of an individual which comprise of coherent stories and personal experiences that provide a sense of continuity in time and space (Arnold, et al, 2004). Marketers are Interested in the self-narrative of individuals as they can arrest goods to support this, for example, photos albums. Photo albums provide an individual with the mean s to document highlights of their lives which can be viewed at any time they so desire. These possessions seem to contribute to the maintenance of the self-concept and narrative as such objects act as reminders or conformers of our identities (McCracken, 1987).With age, an individual's boundary of self develops as it goes through multiple role transitions (Rosenberg-Walton 1984, p. 352). Transitions are of interest to marketers as an individual's self-concept is changeable and is especially yeoman during certain transitions (Arnold, et al, 2004). A consumer's role transitions are marked by changes in consumption patterns (Arnold, et al, 2004). For example, buying a home, graduating from University, or having a baby can be key role transitions in an individual's life. Role transitions can also be linked with a consumer's levels of self-esteem.The positivist of a person's attitude towards him/herself plays an influential role in their behavior and consumption choice (Arnold, et al, 20 04). Low self-esteem can be related to concerns over the looking glass self which in turn influence impulsive purchasing (Arnold, et al, 2004). Marketers can play a key role in increasing the level of involvement and marketing goods which reflect the individual's' self traits to support the transitions. Marketers can use the concept of the changeable self to add or strengthen beliefs in an individual.This can influence an interpersonal process that consumers go through, self- gifting. Self-gifting frequently carries messages about an individual's self- distinctiveness, for example, brand slogans which have the phrase ‘Like no other' (Arnold, et al, 2004). Individuals increasingly seek pleasure in objects hat they buy for themselves as gifts (Kara, 2008). This may be attributed to a positive feeling of accomplishment (Kara, 2008) and consumers may appeal to brand slogans with the phrases ‘reward yourself or ‘you deserve it'.In conjunction with this, self-gifting can also occur as a response to a negative attitude brought about by, for example, feelings of stress. Grub and Growth (1967) state that goods are symbols which communicate a message between an individual and society or their significant others. Consumption communicates socially shared meanings about identity (Arnold, et al, 2004). If a product is to serve as a symbol as a communication device, it must be first gain societal recognition (Grub & Growth, 1967). This process is essentially a classification system which places these products to others in society.These classification systems are society's way of piecing and organizing their activities in a sensible manner (Grub & Growth, 1967). Fashion as an example, illustrates the link of symbolic classification and consumer behavior. When a particular style of fashion becomes popular, a segment of society may direct their behavior towards the archiving and consuming of items manifesting this style (Grub & Growth, 1967). Therefore, an act of classification not only directs self action, but also a set of expectations may be aroused towards the object classified (Grub & Growth, 1967).Marketers need to understand the essence of the object resides not in the object itself but in the direct relation between the object and the individuals classifying the object (Grub & Growth, 1967). Self-enhancement can be brought about by the purchase and consumption of goods in two ways. Firstly, an individuals' self-concept ill be maintained if they believe the good is societal accepted and classified in a manner that matches their self-concept. A product as a symbol contributes to one's looking glass self as the products' conveyed meaning creates symmetry matching the image an individual has of themselves.Secondly, an individual may receive either positive or negative reinforcement from significant others and this strengthens their self-concept with growth and change based on desired reactions from society (Sequester, Pettier, Spanis h, Raw Hill, 2014). Marketers are interested in this area of self as it splays image congruence where self-concept is enhanced through the transfer Of socially accepted meanings Of the product or brand (Arnold, et al, 2004). An individual's self schemas can be used by marketers to market goods which align with an individual's beliefs (Peter & Olson, 2010).This concept of self-enhancement directs consumer behavior to use goods to close the gap between actual and possible selves. These possible selves can be past, present or future. Consumer nostalgia as a past possible self is a powerful and rich tool that marketers can use to tap into an individuals' self. Nostalgia stems from a consumer's yearning for the past, often dissatisfied with the present state and coming future and to compensate, an individual may purchase vintage or retro looking goods to ‘bring them back to their perception of the golden ages (Shah, Lie, Teen & Lu, 2014).The similar concept may be applied to a futu re desired self in the form of anti-gambling advertisements. An individual may begin to increase their involvement towards their desired gambling-free self and may start to pay for counseling services to achieve this. In conclusion, the concept of self is multi-faceted and interrelates with one another, influencing behavior. The sense of self, socially created, is dynamic with consumers' motives playing a part in their consumption choices to develop or maintain their concept of self. Our possessions are a reflection of our identities and an expression of our beliefs.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Communication to Internal Publicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication to Internal Publicity - Essay Example According to a current Gallop Poll, 78 percent -a larger part - parents of children show their satisfaction with the quality of education their kids are getting, at the same time as only 18 percent are discontented. On the other hand, 61 percent of all Americans say they are frustrated with the level of school education in the United States nowadays. This illustrates a nine-percentage-point increase in disappointment from 2004th. Furthermore, only 20 percent of the public has kids in secondary schools (the ones who are content with the quality of education), whereas about 80 percent (the ones who are discontented) don't have any children in school. In 1994, the U.S. Census discovered that 360,000 children in this United States were receiving their education at home. In 1996, the U.S. Department of Education estimated that the quantity had almost doubled to 640,000. A research published this summer by the U.S. Government puts the number of American kids who are getting their education at home today at 850,000 (or 1.7 percent). ... Is secondary education really not working Most scientists don't agree with that. They do recognize education is not ideal, and there are some aspects in it which are to be corrected immediately. It is also possible to find a number of things secondary education is doing correctly. The proof is overpowering that teaching and training are taking place all over the United States and that American children are more educated than those from other countries (Pawlas, 2004). Contrary to this statement Business week expresses the need of fixing public education and gives statistic evidence as a proof.  

Sunday, July 28, 2019

The thesis statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The thesis statement - Essay Example Some of the factual content that the author uses to support the argument includes the mentioning of the fact that whales are able to discipline their children, play games, help wounded fellow whales and coordinate complex activities. The use of the fair minded yet purposeful tone makes the reader listen to the argument before making a judgment on it. Moreover, it makes the writing more compelling. One major weakness which is however evident in the text is that the argument on the intelligence of the creatures is not very much compelling. Parallelism has been greatly used by the author in the essay for a positive outcome. This is a technique that employs the use of grammatically similar components to be able to add balance and rhythm to sentence (Montgomery, Durant & Fabb, 2007). An example is the word whale that has been repeated in the beginning of most of the sentence to not only lay emphasis but also creates a

Critique of Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critique of Violence - Essay Example Notably, abolishing states would not be an end to violence in the world as human beings would turn against one another. However, there is need for strict control of power possessed by states to ensure that incidences of violence are minimized and the public are at a less vulnerable point. The members of public should work together to limit government power in order to reduce cases of violence within states. State violence is a scenario that emerged as soon as the state was formed. The theories of state formation indicate that states originated from the intention of human beings to surrender power to a central body that would protect people from one another. In nature, human beings are aggressive and would do anything to acquire wealth and other material things. It is this aggressive nature of human beings that brings the urge to kill as each of them pursues their interests. Therefore, human beings had to surrender this ill power to the state so that the state would control their aggression. Consequently, the state uses this power to exercise violence within the public. As Weber (11-40) notes, the state is a relation of men dominating men by means of legitimate violence. The implication is that the state government uses the power accorded by the public to control them and to exercise violence within the boundaries. Since the state is unquestionable and is responsible for the formation o f laws, they possess the power to exercise violence with no questions from the public. Therefore, the public are submissive to the power of the government, and this puts them at a vulnerable position. The state uses violence to pursue their selfish goals and to control the rebellion of the members of public. Mbembe (12) points out that the government possesses the power to decide who dies and who lives. This implies that the sovereignty of the state is manifested in their ability to decide matters of life. While government can

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Vincennce university should build more parking lots Essay

Vincennce university should build more parking lots - Essay Example In most occasions, it is very rare for residents in the campus to access parking spots during weekdays. For instance, many students find it hard to walk from some areas such as Red Skelton Performing Arts Center. Additionally, the walk in the darkness is somewhat intimidating (Irvine 1). The distance between the dorms and the lots is very short but very long between any dorm and the parking spot. In fact, it approximately three times the distance from one dorm to another. The distance from the common parking spot (Red Skelton Performing Arts Center Parking lot) seems near from the residential areas. However, the to and fro walks from the students parking area to the dorms justifies the point that it to be too far. Lack of enough accommodation is also one of the contributing factors for an increase in demand for the parking spots; majority of the students drive to school. It will be crucial for the school’s management to consider building more parking lots for the residents in order to save the students time. For many years, the management of Vincennes University has been experiencing complaints from the students over the parking rules. According to the students, the rules of the university only value the interest of the staff. This is evidenced by their dislike of the existing rule that bars them from parking their vehicles in areas preserved for commuter and staff members. Most students also argue that the parking spots reserved for the commuter and staff is more than enough. This is evidenced by the number of spots that remain unoccupied even when almost all staff members are in school (Irvine 1). Additionally, it is evident that the school has not only more than enough space for the construction of parking spots, but also enough resources for the building of new parking spots. Majority of the students argue that it is unethical for them to pay $30 on unguaranteed parking spots near the dorms as a way for

Friday, July 26, 2019

Worksheets Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Worksheets - Assignment Example it did not have the military capability to resist USA (it had witnessed what USA has done in Vietnam) USA also knew that it had already send too much on war and therefore wanted to make peace with Russia to avoid further costs on wars. All these three nations were cognisant of their weaknesses and the need to mend fences with each other. There was a lot of mistrust during this time. The cold war had served its purpose to enlarge the Gap between the world USSR and USA (Todd, 2011). USA was pushing for a capitalist world economy while USSR was pushing for a communist world economy. USA’s intervention in Europe that was intended to protect capitalist interests were seen as an aggression against Russia. The fact that there was a tendency for China and USA to get together was seen as an alliance against the USSR. Kennan’s interpretation of the USSR was that it had the best systems, both in terms of economic system or political leadership. This view postulated that the USSR was the only way to make sure that the world did not get into chaos, the only way is to intervene because the capitalist world would not be able to live in peace and that the solution to the problems caused by the capitalist word would not be soluble with peace. The powers that would have the most negative impact would be China. The reason for this is because China would grow economically as tit continued to adopt capitalism while at the same time retaining the good elements of socialism. The size of its population combined with its culture and political leadership would mean that it would be able to pose a big threat to USA. ii) the solution is cited as a strong armed retaliation towards the enemy in this case being the middle east(Iraq especially) the speech cal for all American, the political arties and all concerned stakeholders to support the government in the armed retaliation towards the acts of the enemy. iv)These speeches indicate that the cold war was just a political gimmick. The

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Business Process Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Business Process Management - Essay Example Here, business management process do involve the human interaction actions such as placing orders, the ability to work with multiple applications and lastly the capabil.ity to handle dynamic process changes and rules. The following are important components in business process management they include; process modeling where depiction of a process will become apart of application that is able to control the performance of business when it is run. Technologies involving systems and web integration, here data is enabled for retrieval and display in the web browser. The above enables individuals to orchestrate the pertinent people in the processing of the legacy application into one’s process. Optimization process is also pertinent since individuals as well as dynamic change has been difficulty as per the history (Galambos 97). Optimization has had a great challenge pertaining ownership and visibility in the process that is vital to span departments that are functional or business units. It is worth noting that business has the capability of changing faster than the update rate of the Information Technology, this cause the stifling of the innovations, performance, and growth. Of late, web browsers have been perverse, and further there is emergence of the simplified integration of technological applications as the XML/SOAP. However, this has made it possible for the IT to deploy supportive technology across the functional business processes, organization, and technical silos. Business process management is an application that many enterprises be it small ventures or giant ventures should follow to rectify some challenges pertaining growth of business. Business process management and application provides the following tools; model to business analysts the process return product and rules of the business that bears mandate in controlling the behaviors of the whole processes. More

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Common Elements of Eastern Religious Traditions Assignment

Common Elements of Eastern Religious Traditions - Assignment Example Hindus, Buddhists, and Confucius preach unity and reciprocal interrelation of all things and proceedings. They also understand all phenomena in the world as signs of oneness. Buddhists, Hinduisms, and the Confucians have some similarities in the goals pertaining human situation and purpose of life on earth, they all believe in having better lives on earth and life to come after death. For instance, the Buddhist believe in escaping suffering through gaining enlightenment and fleeing from reincarnation by having merit in rebirth. The Confucians on the other side dedicate their lives in fulfilling individual roles in the society with propriety, honor, and loyalty. According to Hindu, for human beings to live promising lives, they have to escape from the bondage of ignorance and illusions and gain release from rebirth. The Hindu, Buddhist, and the Confucians share some characteristics on how they conduct their practices. They all have meditation to some things in their lives that they believe to be so omnipotent in their lives. For example, the Hindus consider god or goddess, and pilgrimage to holy cities as supreme; they also live according to ones dharma in society. Confucianism, put their entrust on right paths, they believe in living holy lives through adhering to honesty, politeness, propriety, humaneness and perform correct roles in society. The Buddhist, just as Hindus and Confucians meditate mantras, and put a lot of devotion to deities to avoid compelling punishments on earth and life after

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

School Workload and Sleep Deprivation in Adolescent Tardiness Research Paper

School Workload and Sleep Deprivation in Adolescent Tardiness - Research Paper Example Student’s Study Time and Their Homework Problem (Zuzanek, 2008) explores the students’ workloads, its demographics, trends, and its personal implications for the student’s well-being. The study explores the relationship of the study time the students spend (both at school and at home) and the so-called â€Å"homework problem† raised by North Americans. It is interesting to know from the study the possible reasons behind tardiness related to the time spent by students at school, though no direct analysis was stated in this study between school workload and tardiness. This should provide a vague understanding on what might a student experiencing heavy school workload for them to consider being tardy in classes. Both independent (study time) and dependent (â€Å"homework problem†) variables used in this study are broadly defined, but may provide valuable information for this paper. The participants in this study used time diaries programmed with  "beeper self-reports† wherein they log their activity, its importance and interest, their location, people around them, affect, feelings of time pressure, willingness to do anything else, and will take place when they were signaled by the â€Å"beep†. ... This research measured the student’s study time (also in comparison with other countries) and the determinants of what was called â€Å"homework problem†. However, the article did not further discuss the â€Å"class time problem† even if it mentions its greater urgency than â€Å"homework problem† in when students prefer to do anything else; perhaps it is already beyond the focus of the paper. Psychosocial Aspects of Truancy in Early Adolescence (Nielsen & Gerber, 1979) investigated the aspects of truancy among the selected 33 truants within those individuals, their families, their peers, and their school teachers and administrators. The independent variables are the psychosocial aspects while the dependent variable is truancy. This study presents an interesting concept of truancy, for even if it is a different concept from tardiness, it does have a common similarity: the former speaks of absence from school in terms of school days while the latter deals w ith the absence from school in terms of school minutes or hours. Caution must be exercised not to consider tardiness as a less harmful form of truancy, as these concepts are perceived to be completely different, as truancy is likely intentional while most cases of tardiness is not, though students disliked their habit of being truant. This study used different methods in extracting the psychosocial aspects of truancy, namely interview to the truants and school administrators, analysis of the school data of the incidences of truancy, grades, test scores and attendances of the truants under study. The sample truants were scheduled for interview using a 60-90 minute

Monday, July 22, 2019

Video Game Console Essay Example for Free

Video Game Console Essay Introduction This three year strategic marketing plan for the Alpha System has been created by its founders to secure additional funding for growth and to inform employees of the company’s direction. The first year of the marketing plan will be a tactical/guerilla approach to marketing with certain objectives and goals to meet. Even though Alpha Systems was launched 2 years ago on a Kickstarter campaign, the firm has seen tremendous growth over the last several months. We have had a lot of recognition from major video game publications and blogs. Our beta group has given us the right feedback to improve our video game system and worked out all of the major flaws in the system. The demand for our console is predicted to be high after we tried to get funding on â€Å"Shark Tank†. There was enough demand that we had to limit the number of beta tester request. Our pre-sale Kickstarter campaign saw high demands for people wanting day one systems. The market segment we service has been very receptive to our system launched with a high quality aluminum console, which is available in several popular colors to reflect our user’s personal style. Over the next three years, Alpha Systems can increase distribution, and enter a new era for our console and accessories; which will increase our bottom line sales and affect our return on our investment into our system and winning customers from the major gaming system platforms. Mission Statement â€Å"Our mission is to merge the valleys and gaps between the popular gaming platforms. It will allow users to play all popular games across multiple platforms on a single system; eliminating the need for multiple video game machines and accessories.† Product Description and Classification Alpha Systems video game console system will support all major video games system platforms, and allow you to use the online content provided by the game. There is a custom dashboard and the operating system reads all of the codecs that PlayStation â„ ¢, Xbox â„ ¢, Nintendoâ„ ¢, and retro games. The Alpha  Console will have the ability to support surround sound and high definition video. The system will also support DVD, and Blu-ray codecs. There will be two controllers in the box with an optional smart controller that customers can purchase. The system will have 16 GB of DDR3, and a two terabyte SSD hard drive. The operation system will be based upon open source Ubuntu with a dashboard look at feel. There will be support for web browsing and online video streaming. Applications like Spotify and Netflix will be pre-installed. Product Classification The Alpha System will fall under the classification of a Specialty Product Offering classification of the three-way product classification system. By providing a single console for you to play all of your favorite games on without the need for multiple systems to play the games one. Alpha System will become the premier video game system. Target Market Our target market is parents of teens who are looking to give their children the latest in technologies, and young adult’s age 19 to 25 who are avid game players, and have the disposable income to buy a higher end gaming system. Also we would target people who would want a single system, but yet would want to play games exclusive to PlayStation â„ ¢ and XBOX â„ ¢ and other gaming systems. Competitive Situation Analysis Analysis of Competition using Porter’s 5 Forces Model Competitive Rivalry: Our business model and advertising is directly pointed to compete in the same arena as Microsoft and Sony for the premiere video game systems. By doing this it will show the larger video game systems that will we not back down and that we are confident in our product. Threat from New Entrants: After Alpha System enters the market, our business model is structured about gaining a majority of ground in the market place, and taking user away from XBOXâ„ ¢ and PlayStationâ„ ¢ and allowing them to play all the proprietary games all on one system. While we always will work hard on our product to stay  current in an ever changing video game world. We have developed work around all of the major media digital rights management codecs. This will allow all major games to be played regardless of what system they are designed for. This will allow the optical drive to read the gaming media. Threat from Buyers: The number one threat from buyers in this market segment is loyalty to another brand. They may simply choose to buy an XBOXâ„ ¢ or PlayStationâ„ ¢ simply because they are used to buying those systems. There is a certain social stigma attached to owning an XBOXâ„ ¢ or PlayStationâ„ ¢ since they are for the most part the only video game systems on the market. Getting Vloggers, and bloggers to give our system positive review can go a long way towards neutralizing the negative stereotype a new system may or may not have. Threat from Suppliers: Many of the suppliers of the raw goods needed to develop the cross-platform gaming systems may have exclusive deals with Microsoft or Sony to build gaming systems. With that being said we may have to find new suppliers or research other avenues to get the gaming system made, and have to make a well informed and financially sound choice as to the direction we will go with manufacturing the system. Threat from Substitutes: Microsoft and Sony will always be a direct substitute for our console, but our job is to show the customer how our product is different and a better solution to their gaming system even if it is the smallest differences and, in our humblest opinion, superior. SWOT Analysis In this first paragraph, please introduce the SWOT analysis. For more information, see the recommended text, index topic â€Å"SWOT analysis.† This section is laid out to summarize the analysis in a table, and is then followed by more detailed explanations of each item. Please see specific instructions in the four sections below the table. STRENGTHS *indicates core competency Strengths We will be the first non-major bard video game system on the market that will play games from every video game system. Alpha Systems will not succeed without an innovative product. We have established that we can be as flexible as our users need us to be. If there is a game that we cannot play we will develop a way to play that game. By creating a market for the all-in-one gaming systems, we will be the gaming system that plays all of the major games from the major gaming machines. Weaknesses Low name recognition- At first we will have to hustle to find our share of the 55 billion dollar gaming industry. We will have to have a heavy ad campaign to get our name out there fast. Being we are going to be an unknown system at first we have to be creative in how we select our suppliers. Any mistake we make could and will be fatal to our company. Opportunities Some of our target demographic will not go away from their video game console at all. We can understand that, but we will use target ad campaigns that will attract the users in that demographic via YouTube and viral videos, and  social media buzz. These will get the people we want to reach at the rate we need to reach them at which is fast and immediate. We will also use a hands on approach at E3, CES, Insomnia Gaming shows and pretty much every comicon in the US and Europe and Japan. This will give our target demographic a hands-on time with our gaming system. We will have several systems set up on a local area network, and have a championship game battle. Job creation we will create jobs in America for the system and put people back to work. Threats The major video game manufactures like Microsoft, and Sony will likely take us to court and try to stop us, but we will prevail because of the ability to have free market competition, and they will be looked at as having a majority of control over the market. They may make changes to their digital right management coding to try to stop us from having their games played on our systems, but we will work with them and come up with a deal as long as they are willing to play fairly, and allow open source game codec development. Sony and Microsoft my push out the newer systems before they are due on the market; which means we will have to adapt to their new DRM. They may also try to purchase us in order to put an end to interfering in their 55 billion dollar market place. During the next three years, Alpha System seeks to achieve the following objectives using our marketing mix, including product, price, distribution, and marketing promotions strategies. If core financing is approved for this marketing plan, Alpha System will ramp up manufacturing, allowing Alpha System to achieve the following: Market Objectives Product Objective Expand into 5 major retailers buy 1st black Friday we are on the market. To hit our 2.5 million dollar sales goal. Price Objective To maintain our 15% ROI by the end of the fiscal year. Place Objective To add 10 more major retail chains throughout the world by the end of the second fiscal year. Promotion Objective To achieve 50 percent market awareness by the end of the 2nd fiscal year. Marketing Strategies We will have the most useful mix of marketing strategies, because focusing on getting our name out there will our primary focus. We will launch up to 30 viral video, and we will harness all of the video game YouTubers, bloggers to review and rate our game system by shipping them two free game systems. One to play and one to give away. The game systems will be in a special color because they are going to be limited pre-launch editions. These will create the buzz we need pre-launch. We will also use gaming convention in the USA and Europe and Asia to allow our system to be been prior to launch. This will allow people to get hands on experience with the system and allow them to see the capabilities of what is possible with our technology. Product Strategies Customizable Colors Sleek design No additional cost to online services Price Strategies Research the price points. Set a mid-range price point that will make the system desirable. Stage focus groups in regards to price. Place Strategies Develop relationships with major retailers, and find out supply chain requirements. Work out requirements with 3rd party logistic providers. Plan logically which distribution hubs product will be shipped from in relationship to retail locations. Promotion Strategies Viral Videos on YouTube, Social Media, Web launch day Game Trade Shows Give away systems pre-launch/ Day One Special Edition Explanation of Strategies This is the most effective strategies for our gaming device. We have thought out the development, and distribution, and promotion that will work for our product. Our product is simply the best system on the market and we will push it out to people, and allow them to realize what they have been missing out on over the past 30 years of video gaming, and show them the future of gaming and that they have a choice that is not Microsoft or Sony. Tactics and Action Plan Our Tactic and action plans are designed precisely from date of design to the 3rd year of product life. We feel that we will not have to micromanage our people, but yet make them accountable for their role in the greater good that is to place Alpha System on the market. Product Action Plan Tactic Due Date Responsible Party Develop System Blue print Month 1 Engineering Operating System and Codecs Month 1 and 2 Programming Source raw materials Months 1 to 4 Sourcing Price Action Plan Tactic Due Date Responsible Party Research Competition Months 5 to 9 Marketing Focus Groups Months 9 to 13 Marketing Pre-Launch Trade shows Months 3 to 24 Marketing Place Action Plan Tactic Due Date Responsible Party Develop Retail chains placement Year 2 Sales Choose Logistics partner Months 23 to 24 Operations Supply Units prior to commitments 22 to 36 Operations Promotion Action Plan Tactic Due Date Responsible Party Produce Videos Months 23 to 36 Marketing Celebrity endorsements 20 to 36 Promotions Give Aways 35 to 36 Promotions Monitoring Procedures Monitoring is the most important procedure we will have weekly conference calls with suppliers to make sure our raw materials and finished goods are underway, and will make the cargo ship in time to be shipped to our logistics partner. We can hold in person meetings to discuss development and pre-launch status. Prior to launch of the system we will hold a companywide conference to show people what their hard work contributed to. We will also seek to make a positive Return on our investment through the distribution chain, and seek to make sure we are complying with retailer’s requirements. Also we will ask retailers for reports to see how many units are moving off the shelves.

Discovering Guinea Pigs Essay Example for Free

Discovering Guinea Pigs Essay I. Project Description and General Information Since the world of Science has evolved, the experiments of scientists and other researchers also improve and get more complicated and may sometimes sound ridiculous. In modern Psychology, specifically in studying certain behaviors, animals have become subjects of some experiments. Now, why do we use Guinea pigs or other animals like rabbits, rats, monkeys and others to conduct trainings or experiments? Well, majority of the scientists all over the world have been used to directing and conducting animal studies which have become very rampant nowadays and which serve as a field to focus on animal behavior in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways. Animals have often been used as subjects primarily because it is less expensive and it is more distant to unethical situations just like conducting physiological manipulations (to human beings) particularly brain lesions, sensory deprivations and more. Animals, especially those reared in laboratories can be easily controlled and observed which give way to the formation of more desirable data that can possibly be likened to those of the human beings. II. Project Statement This project will focus more about dealing with guinea pigs and getting know what it can do as well as training it to form its â€Å"cognitive map† or discovering its way out of the maze. It is expected that the trainers/students will be able to discover and grasp the behavior of the animal in order for them to get along with it easily and to successfully condition it to what it should do. III. Project Objectives Every experiment or proposal has its expected outcome(s). It is important that the expectations of the group will not selfishly depend on â€Å"what they just have to get or achieve.† Whatever the results are, it is significant that the learning and acquisitions from the experiment will be then applied in everyday situations. The following are the intentions, aims and goals of the students/trainers behind this project: †¢ To get to know more about the animal (Guinea pig) as well as its likes, dislikes and whatever that grabs its attention †¢ To train the animal with proper care and patience and help build its cognitive map to help it get out of the maze †¢ To build a healthy relationship between the animal and the trainers †¢ To give the animal proper attention and exercise its intelligence †¢ To provide the animal’s physiological and biological needs †¢ To be able to grasp and comprehend how the Guinea pig behaves and how it can be compare d to other animals and even to human beings †¢ To finally apply and practice the gained knowledge about the theories of learning †¢ To discover more about the importance of animal studies in Cognitive Neuroscience †¢ For the students/trainers: To pass 50% of the exam and 10% of the final grade What are the benefits of this project? †¢ The Guinea pig will have been able to exercise its learning. †¢ The students will be able to value cooperation, patience, perseverance, tenderness and determination toward the animal and toward each other in order to have a harmonious relationship. †¢ The animal care level of the students will increase tremendously especially when they have been able to realize how an animal should be treated and be taken cared of. †¢ Animal research and experiments will be widened and will be enhanced more when applied properly to everyday situations. †¢ Queries about some behavior will easily be observed easily by just the use of animals if one has already mastered how the experiments would run and what desirable attitudes he must invest. †¢ The theories of learning will be more elaborated, practiced and applied in day-to-day activities. †¢ The students will finally and fully appreciate the importance of animal studies in Cognitive Neuroscience. What are the theories of learning that could be possibly applied during the training? We will associate here the â€Å"The Three Theories of Learning† by Edward Lee Thorndike which are the law of readiness, exercise and effect. Before we start the experiment, we should first condition the Guinea pig and make it ready so that it will not be shocked or stressed about the activities that we are going to introduce to it. The assigned trainer should also be ready in handling the experiment to avoid any failure or any disruption. Whatever the successful activities and procedures are must be continued and exercised more so that the animal will easily forget the things that it has learned during the experiment. If the things related to the activity will be associated well, then there will be a good result. We will also apply here the â€Å"Classical conditioning† by Ivan Pavlov because we are going to associate food and a bell in order for the Guinea pig to pass through the maze easily. These stimuli when applied at the same time will grab the attention of the animal making it be more alert in the activity. IV. Do’s and Don’ts in handling Guinea Pig Do’s The guinea pig Project Implementation/Procedure We prepared a series of tasks and goals that should be achieved during the training. We will have it done one at a time until the Guinea Pig has mastered the maze as well as successfully going through the obstacles. The following are the tasks and goals that should be achieved during a specific week: First week of training: During the first week of preparation and training, we will first finalize the structure of the maze consisting of three entrances and three exits with at least six turns in entrance 1 to exit 1, entrance 2 to exit 2 and entrance 3 to exit 3 as well as placing corresponding obstacles. It is also important that we will observe the animal first before the training proper so that we can easily adjust to its weaknesses and its strengths. By then, we will let the animal explore the maze for a couple of minutes during its first encounter with it. We also plan to starve the animal first before we start every session (this will be done all throughout the project length). Afterwards, we will start the one-route training (starting with the easiest one) by using different strategies and techniques without hurting the animal. This is also the time that we will now associate the food and the bell. If ever the animal has mastered the first route or path, we will then start to position and introduce it to the second one. Second week of training: The procedure will be the same but the training will get even more difficult as the animal is being placed into a new path and letting it pass through an obstacle. When the animal has already mastered the second route, we will then introduce it to the third one. However, while we are training the animal to successfully go through the second one, there will be times that we will try to put it back to the first one so that whatever is installed in its mind will be made recent until the end of the training. Third week of training: By this time, the Guinea Pig should have mastered the first and second routes and should be finished with the third one. Once it has accomplished everything including obstacles, we will start to randomly assign it to any entrance. Fourth week of training: We will repeatedly continue the activities we have accomplished during the first three weeks. This will serve as the polishing part and so that the Guinea pig will enhance its cognitive map and for us to accomplish a successful training. We will also record some scenes during some sessions to serve as a back-up if ever the said animal will die or lose its mind before the final performance.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Causes of Economic Growth and Crashes

Causes of Economic Growth and Crashes Amy Zhi â€Å"How an Economy Grows and Why it Crashes,† â€Å"Too Big to Fail† and the 2008 Recession The film â€Å"Too Big to Fail† takes viewers down the 2008 financial meltdown, also known as the â€Å"Great Recession of 2008,† and emphasizes its impact on the economy. The crisis was avoidable and caused by â€Å"widespread failures in financial regulation (Fed’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages); dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly by taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by household and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis; and simply lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw.† ( University of North Carolina). The book â€Å"How an Economy Grows and Why it Crashes,† by Peter Schiff, comically interprets the effects of inflation, deficit spending, central banking, foreign trade, and the housing bubble and credit crunch of 2008. The U.S. economy boomed during the 2000-2007 period, as the global pool of fixed-income securities increased greatly from $36 trillion in 2000 to $80 trillion by 2007. In â€Å"How an Economy Grows and Why it Crashes,† the Usonian economy starts with production and trade soon follows. Usonia now had savings and credit, an increase in savings decreases real interest rates and an increase in credits increases demand, hence, there was expansion in the Usonian economy. As the economy prospered, it created a paper currency backed by fish, similar to currency backed by full gold reserves in the U.S. However, fractional reserve banking develops and only a fraction of bank deposits were backed by actual fish for withdrawal. The government decided to delink the paper currency from the fish. Usonia degraded the value of the fish by creating more fish out of the value of one. This process of â€Å"shrinking fish† eventually leads to â€Å"fishflation.† As people start spend ing more and producing less, the economy stops blooming and crashes. A king from Sinopia, an island that still had no savings, bank credit, or business, observed Usonia and saw their luxurious lifestyle of credit and commerce. The king thought that the possession of Fish Reserve Notes was the key to advancement. Notes were then used as money across the entire ocean, and the economy was saved as Sinopia traded their fish for Usonia’s fish reserves. Thus, Usonia was again piled with savings and credit, causing a spending binge atmosphere in Usonia. This is similar to when China supplies the essential items for U.S. fiat currency. Usonia largely consumed and Sinopia produced, hence, the trade relationship was skewed. However, as Goodbank said, â€Å"The people will get wise. They will worry about their savings and withdraw their deposits,† which is exactly what happened next. Foreign islanders realized that the fish reserve was worthless with no backing at all. Therefore, islanders started to withdraw fishes with their fish reserves all at once. In truth, there really were not enough fish in the economy, so Usonia had no choice but to close the fish reserves window. It is fiat currency and worthless, backed by nothing but the faith in the government. Producers were harmed by the expansion of the money supply because resources were more expensive and workers would soon demand higher real wages. Production decreased further and the Usonian bank loan officials targeted the islands â€Å"hut loan market.† As lenders and borrowers in the U.S. put their immense amount of savings to use, the â€Å"Giant Pool of Money† â€Å"overwhelmed the policy and regulatory control mechanisms in the country.† (Abir) Citizens jumped to buy houses all at the same time, either for greed, fear, or stupidity. There were risky investors and individuals who thought there was no ceiling price on real estates. There were individuals jumping into the housing market because they were concerned if they didn’t, they would lose out on easy profit. Mortgage regulators were not paying close enough attention to the market and business practices, commodity mortgage buyers were not researching the loans they were taking out, and speculators /builders were pricing homes entirely too high in the first place. All of which lead to the housing bubble of 2008. Senator Cliff Cod of Usonia created Finnie Mae and Fishy Mac to buy hut loans from the market. â€Å"The hut lending program was a massive hit amongst banks as they were earning risk-free profits. These agencies created a big industry where hut building, hut selling and hut decorating industries took off.† (Krishna) All of production and advancement occurred while no actual fish were being generated, so, nothing productive was actually happening. Although loans were not the best use of savings, political officials â€Å"encouraged hut ownership and education.† (Krishna) There were tax breaks on hut loans, which caused even more people to invest on these huts. Sinpoian fish were being imported to Usonia like rapid waves, credit levels were high and risk was ignored. Huts started becoming more luxurious and unreasonably expensive. Eventually, â€Å"the â€Å"hut market† took a down turn and every associated industry felt the pain.† (Krishna) As U.S. home pri ces declined steeply after peaking in mid-2006, it became more difficult for borrowers to refinance their loans. In addition, â€Å"assets dramatically plummeted, while the liabilities owed to global investors remained at full price.† (Abir) One of the primary causes of the recession was government intervention in the housing market. This intervention, primarily through Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, helped inflate the housing bubble that triggered the crisis. Due to the lack of regulation, banks and credit card companies were freely lending out money to people. Even those who could not afford expensive houses took out loans that they seemingly couldn’t pay back to buy the expensive houses. During the 2008 recession, struggling banks and lenders cut back lending and created a sudden sharp reduction in availability, causing a credit crunch. Consumers were no longer able to borrow and spend, while businesses also cut back their investments as demand decreased. In â€Å"Too Big to Fail,† Dick Fuld, CEO of Lehman Brothers, a large investment bank, is seeking investment, but investors are hesitant because Lehman is exposed to toxic housing assets from the housing bubble. The Lehman’s counterparty risk, risk that a counterparty will not pay as obligated on a transaction, is impacting the entire financial market, while the stock market is in a free fall. The government could only do one thing, urge consumers to spend more. They wanted to keep spending though the crisis and borrow more, however, this would eventually lead to a depression. In the film, Henry Paulson, U.S. Treasury Secretary, plans to buy the toxic assets from the banks, so they wouldn’t go bankrupt and could lend out money again. Paulson later then decides to inject capital into the banks, for it was easier and could boost lending more quickly. By injecting the capital, he expected that the banks will have the money now to lend out to citizens and credit will flow again. The banks agreed, markets stabilized, and the banks repaid their Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) funds. However, Paulson’s expectations were wrong, banks didn’t lend out the money from the injections. As the epilogue of â€Å"Too Big to Fail† stated, â€Å"credit standards continued to tighten resulting in rising unemployment and foreclosures. As bank mergers continued in the wake of the crisis, these banks became even larger and ten financial institutions held 77% of all U.S. banking assets and have been declared â€Å"too big to fail.†Ã¢â‚¬  (Gould) Congress created â€Å"TARP in October 2008, part of which was used by the Treasury to inject much needed capital into the nation’s banks. The Fed aggressively lowered interest rates during 2008, adopting a zero interest rate policy by the end of the year. It engaged in massive quantitative easing in 2009 and early 2010, purchasing Treasury bonds and Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac mortgage-backed securities to bring down long term interest rates.† (Blinder and Zandi) â€Å"The Troubled Asset Relief Program of 2008 rescued our financial system from almost certain meltdown, saving the U.S. financial system at the brink of disaster.† (Weller) Shortly after TARP enacted, loan tightening and interest rates eased. The Recovery Act spending helped decrease unemployment and personal disposable incomes increased. â€Å"Industrial production turned around with infrastructure spending spurred by the Recovery Act. After-tax income grew more quickly following the payroll tax cut , followed by job growth accelerating and decrease in household debt. The Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 â€Å"strengthened the fledgling economic recovery by cutting the payroll tax and continuing extended unemployment insurance benefits.† (Weller) In the end, Usonia was completely out of fish. They borrowed more and more to the point where most of their debt was funded by more debt. Citizens don’t save more since borrowing is a simple and easy process. Most people just walk in wanting more money, and walk out with more money and debt. Although higher taxes create more jobs and government revenue, it discourages work and investment. Plus, individuals and private businesses use money more efficiently than the government. In today’s society, spending is almost the route to happiness. That is, people spend to make themselves and others happy. We can’t spend less, but perhaps we can spend smarter. The book’s message itself is very clear. If the U.S. keeps spending and borrowing freely, it will soon meet with hyperinflation and an even more severe economic devastation. Bibliography University of North Carolina. Subprime mortgage crisis. 13 January 2008. 25 April 2014 http://www.stat.unc.edu/faculty/cji/fys/2012/Subprime mortgage crisis.pdf>. Abir, Zaber. THE Global Financial Crisis: Above Beyond. 6 December 2012. academia.edu. 25 April 2014 http://www.academia.edu/2344211/THE_Global_Financial_Crisis_Above_and_Beyond>. Blinder, Alan and Mark Zandi. How the Great Recession Was Bought to an End. 27 July 2010. economy.com. 25 April 2014 https://www.economy.com/mark-zandi/documents/End-of-Great-Recession.pdf>. Romer, Christina. Treatment and Prevention: Ending the Great Recession and Ensuring that It Doesn’t Happen Again. City Club of Cleveland. Cleveland: whitehouse.gov, 2010. 16. Krishna, Radha. How an Economy Grows Why it Crashes : Summary. 14 August 2011. 25 April 2014 http://radhakrishna.typepad.com/rks_musings/2011/08/how-an-economy-grows-why-it-crashes-summary.html>. Schiff, Irwin and Peter Schiff. How an Economy Grows and Why it Crashes. Hoboken: Wiley, 2010. Too Big to Fail. Dir. Curtis Hanson. Perf. Peter Gould. 2011. Weller, Christian. 10 Reasons Why Public Policies Rescued the U.S. Economy. 29 May 2012. 25 April 2014 http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2012/05/29/11593/10-reasons-why-public-policies-rescued-the-u-s-economy/>. Williams, Roy. Birmingham investment experts have mixed reactions to report on Great Recession. 20 February 2011. 25 April 2014 http://blog.al.com/businessnews/2011/02/birmingham_investment_experts.html>.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Scarletletter Symbolism :: essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many things for symbolism and in my opinion the most symbolic were the scaffold scenes. There are a total of three scaffold scenes and each has its own purpose and meaning. Without the scaffold scenes this book would basically leave you clueless to what was really going on because the scaffold scenes really tell you what is going on and why.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first scaffold scene is basically an introduction to the whole book. You learn who all the main charters are and most of all Hester and her terrible crime she committed. This is the first time everyone sees Hester with the letter “A'; on her bosom. Hester is a very brave woman for standing up on that scaffold in front of everyone in the town to gawk at and for admitting that she had committed adultery. Also, it takes a very courageous person to stick up for what they believe in like she did by not telling who she had committed the crime with. The whole story builds you up to this point of finding out who Hester committed adultery with. By this point in the story you have some clue who the father of Pearl is but until you get to the second scaffold scene you don’t know for sure. At the second scaffold scene Dimesdale is on the scaffold and Hester and Pearl come up and join him. Dimesdale is wearing down by the burden of his sin he committed. He goes to the scaffold to confess to God and ask for some kind of forgiveness. Then a cloud forms the letter “A'; in the sky and everyone thinks this stands for angel because that’s how they view Dimesdale. Then when Dimesdale goes to leave he leaves his glove on the scaffold to symbolize he was there and that he should have been up there with Hester and his daughter in the first place. Then when you think everything is going to turn out okay and nothing bad is going to happen to Hester and Pearl, Dimesdale goes up on the scaffold. This worries Hester like it would anyone in her position. So Hester and Pearl join him again on the scaffold. Hester is wearing the Scarlet Letter like always and then Dimesdale shows his letter “A'; that he inscribed over his heart.

Friday, July 19, 2019

The Mending Wall :: essays research papers

Walls and Borders Do â€Å"good fences really make good neighbors?†(666) Robert Frost’s poem Mending Wall examines this as a local issue. It can also be interpreted as a global issue. Frost writes about two neighbor farmers and how a wall between their property effects the relationship between the two. Taking a more global look at the issue, the conflict in the former Yugoslavia relates to Mending Wall. Perhaps â€Å"good fences† give people a false sense of security. Robert Frost’s poem, Mending Wall, is about two neighbors who meet every year in the spring to rebuild the wall, which borders their properties. The wall is toppled each year by hunters, weather, and time. The narrator of the poem doesn’t see the point of rebuilding the wall year after year. He sees no problem with just letting the wall alone. He doesn’t understand what he is â€Å"walling in or walling out.† (667) He calls it, â€Å"an outdoor game, one on a side†¦ it comes to little more.† (667) His neighbor, however, wants to build the wall, saying, †Good fences make good neighbors.† (667) These neighbors have a conflicting view of the wall. One doesn’t see any sense in the wall, and the other insists that it be fixed, without giving any sensible reason. In 1991, the European country of Yugoslavia, located in southeastern Europe, in the Balkan Mountains, split into eight different nations, due to an â€Å"ethnic cleansing†. The countries formed from the split are Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Kosovo, Vgivodina, and Serbia. The main reason for the split is the diversity of the ethnic groups involved. There are the Serbs, Muslims, Croats, and Bosnians. The civil war started when Serbs in Bosnia and Croatia incited a rebellion. Bosnia is the center of the conflict, being the most diverse. The Bosnian-Croat Federation occupies Western Bosnia, which includes the capital city of Saraj evo. Whereas eastern Bosnia is occupied by the Serb Republic. Sarajevo is the center of most of the fighting, because it is such a diverse city, torn by different ethnic neighborhoods. Many European countries and the United States tried to end fighting before it spread throughout Europe, creating World War 3. The Dayton Agreement was established to try to unify the city. It stated that Sarajevo’s Muslim and Serb neighborhoods are reunified under the Bosnian government, much to the disdain of the Bosnian Serbs, who want to divide the city.

computer :: essays research papers

Twenty-five years ago, Larry Ellison saw an opportunity other companies missed when he came across a description of a working prototype for a relational database and discovered that no company had committed to commercializing the technology. Ellison and his co-founders, Bob Miner and Ed Oates, realized there was tremendous business potential in the relational database model--but they may not have realized that they would change the face of business computing forever. Today Oracle (Nasdaq: ORCL) is still at the head of the pack. Oracle technology can be found in nearly every industry around the world and in the offices of 98 of the Fortune 100 companies. Oracle is the first software company to develop and deploy 100% internet-enabled enterprise software across its entire product line: database, business applications, and application development and decision support tools. Oracle is the world's leading supplier of software for information management, and the world's second largest independent software company. Oracle has always been an innovative company. It was one of the first companies to make its business applications available through the internet--today, that idea is pervasive. Now Oracle is committed to making sure that all of its software is designed to work together--the suite approach--and other companies, analysts, and the press are beginning to acknowledge that Oracle is right. What's in store for tomorrow? We will continue to innovate and to lead the industry--while always making sure that we're focused on solving the problems of the customers who rely on our software (http://www.oracle.com/corporate/index.html?story.html) We will first look at the hardware and software platforms to see how they measure up, and what, if any, special requirements are needed, as well as the costs that are associated with them. Next, we will look at the deployment of the application and what it takes to roll out a production system. Once the application is up and running, performance becomes the top priority of the data center. We can first note that the hardware and software requirements are similar. The abstraction to the application is also the same with both solutions - it gives an illusion of a single database and there is no need to modify the SQL code. The differences are in ease of deployment, performance and manageability. Both databases have similar cluster hardware requirements. A cluster is a group of independent servers that collaborate as a single system. The primary cluster components are processor nodes, a cluster interconnect (private network), and a disk subsystem.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Miss fortune in My New School Story

Misfortune in my new school Arshia Amali I woke up by the blue jays singing by the tree beside my bedroom window. I got dressed in my blue jeans and my Adidas sweater. As I went downstairs my mom had a big breakfast set out on the round table. I sat down and as I started gobbling down the pancakes my brother joined us. We cleaned off the table and I took my backpack and put on my jacket to go out for school. My brother ‘Matt’ following right behind me.I and he decided to take the shortcut we found during summer break when we went biking, instead of the actual way through the streets. It had already started to snow in September and the shortcut through the pond was slippery, but we scrambled through it. As we made our way near the school, we saw some of the kids we saw when we went biking hanging out by the timeworn school sign. I guess my brother didn’t really want to enter school with me because he scurried off to a friend he met at a band competition during the break.I didn’t really find any friends during the break, except this kid named Jack who was my neighbour, but the problem with him was that he was one of the fattest kid I have seen, and all he would want to do was stay home and watch this TV show about a loser who always got beaten up. I stayed away from him all summer but I guess I shouldn’t have, because now I have to enter the school all by my self not knowing where to go or not knowing anything about the school. At least the school entrance looked warm hearted. I made way up the aged stairs of the school.I opened the door to the school and felt a warm breeze of air through my body. It didn’t look too bad like I imagined. To my left a bunch of kids were by the classroom talking to one of the teachers and to my right some kids all had their heads in one locker looking at something. I decided to go up to the administration desk and ask for my class list. The women behind the computer gave me the piece of paper with my classroom numbers. Since I didn’t know anyone, I decided to go to my class and get a bit familiar to the teacher. The classroom door was open so I decide to take a sneak at it.There was no teacher inside and so were no students. I guess no one was new to the school and had someone to hang out with. So I decide to stay in the class and read one of the books I still didn’t finish from last year until the bell ring. â€Å"BRING† The bell rang and bit by bit the students made their way in at a snails pace; I guess none of them were happy about school starting. But suddenly the most attractive girl I have ever seen came inside the room crowded with a bunch of boys trying to make a move with her. I guess she was probably the girl of the school.We started class a few minutes later and for the whole class I swear I couldn’t lay my eyes off of her until the boy behind me poked me at the back saying â€Å"Don’t even try bro. Every guy wants that gi rl! † With fury I turned around and saw a chubby boy and told him â€Å"What makes you think I won’t get her† and with confidence he said she only goes out with athletic people, making me sound like I’m not athletic. I needed to at least try to get her and to show the boy ‘Brendan† that I am athletic and could get her. But the truth was that I actually wasn’t that athletic.I was always the geek that stayed behind the computer playing games instead of going outside and playing sports. Instead of arguing with Brendan I decide to actually get to be friends with him since I didn’t know anyone else. First and second class passed by and now was lunch time. Brendan and I made our way through the halls to the cafeteria. We both got our lunch and made our way to a table where we could eat. While we ate he told me that the wrestling try outs would be today and that we should both try out since Alex will be there watching. I decide to give i t a go since she was there, and maybe wrestling will the sport I’m good at.I was actually eager to try out because I could probably show off some moves and get Alex attracted to me. For the last two blocks we didn’t really do much; we had both classes as science and all we did was read the safety rules for using the stuff in class. The bell rang and Brendan and I made our way to the gym. We got changed into our shorts and out on some equipment that the coach gave to us. We made our way into the gym; all the people trying out were big and muscular. I took a quick glance at the bleachers and saw Alex setting down with some other girl from our class.I knew I had to shine or it would go all bad. The coach put us into pairs with the same size for opponents. My bad luck struck because I was paired up with this girl that had tried out; I and she were the smallest and shortest people there so that’s why we probably got paired up together. The bad thing was that the coac h actually wanted us to wrestle each other and I didn’t really want to hurt a girl. We were the last ones to wrestle, so we both made our way to the matt and as soon as the coach said go, that girl attacked me and took me right down to the floor.Brendan helped me up and all I heard and saw was everyone laughing at me including Alex. I was pretty embarrassed. We all went back to the locker room to change back to leave. Everyone was making fun of me so I got myself out of there as soon as possible. I put on my jacket and opened the door to start walking back home. Instead of taking the shortcut I took the actual way through the street. As I was walking down the street across the school I saw Alex standing outside of the bank line with her mom. I thought the best thing to do was to change my way but instead I decided to be a man and pass her.I was around a foot away for her and suddenly a group of man came outside of the bank. They all had black masks with some sort of sweater s aying ‘BAD BOYS† on it with each of them wearing baggy ripped jeans. I guess they were robbing the bank or something because one the guys started to terrorise the people outside including me to not call the police. Then one of the guys opened some shots from his pistol in to the crowd and the only thing that popped into my mind was to jump in front of Alex to save her from a bullet; maybe instead of liking an athletic person she could like a hero that saved her life.I wasn’t really expecting the bullet to come her way but my bad luck it actually was going to hit her, so I lurched my self in front of her and got hit by the bullet. I was expecting my self to be in wounded by the bullet but instead I found my self in the hospital lying on the bed with my brother and mom beside me on the bed. I didn’t know exactly what was happening and exactly why I wasn’t dead or anything from the bullet. I asked my mom sitting beside me if they took the bullet out of me but she was more confused then ever before.So I asked her why I was in the hospital and she told me, when me and my brother took the shortcut in the morning on the way to school I fell down and hit my head on sharp piece of ice which got me unconscious. So all that just had happened to me was all a dream I guess. I’m just happy that all I went through in my dream wasn’t real because I would never want that to happen to me. And the best thing of all was that I got to miss the first day of school!

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Essay over Reading

Being verdant by Bobbie Ann stonemason Its course of crazy how stories you see stop bring so numerous mental pictures in your mind of things you can relate to it. In Bobbie Ann stonemasons story, Being area, I tie in very well to the unc give a modalityh panache of living. I, myself, lived in a very minuscular country town in Texas, and sleep with people fitting equal the country people noted in masons story. The subject I pictured a lot by dint of extinct instruction this was the forage. There is nothing better in the whole world than good ole s extinctherly stooling.Back home in Texas I had a buddy that was a country son, and anytime I went over to the Tapleys theater for dinner I knew I was in for a treat. I can repute one night his mom came out with humungous steaks that they had just received from their last cattle. The juices wholly over the plate, the large ears of corn, the twice parched potatoes, and fresh green bean casserole had my spit going bonker s in my mouth. I can still visualize the way the hold over was set with the decorative valentines card cloth and the silver utensils.When I was recital nearly all of the different foods the mother making, it triggered my mind to go back and flirt with Mrs. Tapley in the kitchen slaving over all of the dishes. When dinner time came we all huddled round the table where Mr. Tapley said grace. Im pretty sure it went a shrimpy like, We thank god for the blessing to be able to grow our own food and for the prosperous seasons he has brought us and for the future. In Gods name, Amen. After that amen, we feasted. Myself and the Tapleys filled our faces until our stomachs said no more.During this obliteration of food I dont recall us ever adage a word, just like in stonemasons essay it is a given that at the dinner table it is strictly slightly enjoying the meal that has been laid in front of you. No talking is necessary but there ar the occasional jokes popped off usually by the head of the table. The resourcefulness that has been placed in my head by masons story has not only do me think solely upon the one get under ones skin I have explained. It makes me think closely my town as a whole. The java divulge in my town was sample dab in the middle of what mason calls her square ours was the Brookshires enter. The coffee shop was across the street from the center of which overly had our neighborhood groceries, Brookshires Grocery. Walking out of Brookshires you can always tone the Coffee shops fatty fragrance of coffee bean no matter what time of the day. Recollections of my step popping walking out of the grocery inject and saying the same thing Masons dad would say to her, I hate that shade Coffee isnt my sort of thing either, but I do however love the smell of coffee in the morning. And walking out of brookshires was always heavenly perceive the Coffee Shop.My most fond repositing however was sparked when Mason st machinations talking abo ut her naan. My nan was a country cleaning woman and grew up in Iowa on a farm herself. My gran was always so conservative and would save any leftovers if workable because she grew up just like Mason says, haunted by the fear of drift failure. We ate as if we didnt discern where our next meal might distinguish from. My grandmother was simply always frighten we werent going to have replete food. When we would go to Brookshires she would always over stock the field with food.Snacks, drinks, meals, dessert, soups and just about anything you could name has probably been through my house as well. She made so many meals that were just out of ingredients she threw together, and my brother and I were always the Guinea pigs. All my gran would do is work around the house, cook and clean just like what Mason states about her grandmother when saying she doesnt know any different. When thinking of my grandmother I think of a kind and gentle voice so in my head whenever I read what her grandma was saying I heard a voice much similar to my grandmothers.In conclusion, Bobbie Ann Masons Being Country in truth hit home to me. It showed me how imagery can play a macroscopical role in writing, and how it can really persuade the reader to keep reading. I now understand that the visual maneuver must be consumed by the readers through the writers capabilities to trigger the readers mind. It is just up to the writer on whether or not they express their visual introduction well enough to the reader. Being Country definitely displayed its visual art to me by making me feel like I was back in my slim Podunk town in Texas.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

Intertextual Relationship Between Renoir’s Parte de Campagne Essay

Intertextual Relationship Between Renoir’s Parte de Campagne Essay

The usage of Mohandas Gandhi greatly affected martin Luther Kings writing , particularly in the region of nonviolent opposition.However they had already laid the solid bedrock for the advancement of the film industry and other pioneers took it in the 1930’s. (Hortelano, 2011, p.256)While during the First World War, the cinema industry seemed to have grounded to a halt, the period after 1920 going to 1930’s show gradual emergence of younger film directors with much enthusiasm in the industry. Such included Marcel Carne, Rene Clair logical and Jean Renoir (Conley 2007 p.Theyre also in applying the preparation methods superior subject matters.This included among others, Jacques Rivette, little Jean lucques Godard, Loius Malle, Francois Truffaut and Alain Resnais. This group of thin film makers believed that a filmmaker has possession of the film without interference from either studios or producers. This paper will discuss Partie de Campagne and Les Mistons., twenty tw o films made by two great French film makers, Jean Renoir and vitry Francois Truffaut respectively.

Throughout your education, you need to write essays.However, despite it being unfinished, it was released ten years down the line. Renoir is famed for producing films with lots of critical realism and satirical content (Hortelano, 2011, p.257). Just like Truffaut’s film, the film Parte de Campagne is a romance filled film based on a short story by Guy de Maupassant and the plot of the film revolves around a family that decides to give take sometime in the country side.When youre in possession of a strong thesis, then you will start to compose the article and ve fully improved your article topic.The former lover, George Saint-Saens, undertook to renew the initial relationship great but to no avail. They both try to catch up but the family large heads to the city. Episodes on what happened were never shot as the project was abandoned (Miller, 2006, p.5) Exemplar, the shots of the late summer storm and the long sequence of the rain firing the river that, underlying the expl osion of passion of the only natural element, and between Henry and Henriette.

He keeps close to Maupassant narratives events.258).On the other hand, Truffaut’s Les Mistons delves onto the lives of children. It was shot in 1957, when Truffaut was only twenty five years old. Unlike Renoir, Truffaut represents the second phase of original French new wave in the cinema industry.Intertextuality has been used by writers as a device for a means to bring forth references to other functions that might help to construct the affect his full text is wanted by the author.Bernadette is the origin and object of a prestigious discovery, symbol of a bright sensuality, mysterious and fascinating personification of the full dark dreams and secret imaginations that populate the nights of adolescents in NÃ ®mes.She becomes the victim of a hostile crowd as soon as the brats learn the impossibility to possess the object of desire, the sense of their strangeness as jealous witnesses, forced to only spy kisses and desire hoped tenderness. The camera takes on this helples s anger, clutching complimentary close behind the five Mistons, following them lovingly. The destruction of the couple has a remote character, is projected worn out of the exclusive world of adolescents: there is just a little bitterness, pity perhaps, only as a memory of the adventures of adolescence.

Dialogism is a form of intertextuality though the expression was coined decades after dialogism.He attempted to make the film as sensuous as possible using affects such as reverse motion and slow motion in for first instance the scene where Gerald is seen kissing Bernadette on the balcony (Dixon, 2006, p.6). Just like his hero Renoir, the shooting of the film was grounded for some time, as the cast took a ten days break logical and came back to continue as if nothing had happened. Being twenty five years then, it captures the moment of the time as it displays his love for the american youth and relationships.From here, you have to develop your own topic that is specific that is under how this overall idea.So well was the synchronization that any boy chosen to appear on the scene would be seen to be representative of the entire idea of all boys’ infatuation (Conley 2007 p.166). This is based on his approach in acquiring the cast where he conducted interviews with boys in the age bracket eleven to fourteen, where he was looking for raw talent and best best fits into the cast rather than theatrical experience. His desire to grow and uplift young people old saw him recruit a young person for the position of director of production, his friend logical and collaborator Bazin (Dixon, 2006, p.

Movie directors may be thought to how have invented the notion of cinema.In fact, one of the boys out of the cinema rips the poster while the others 3rd sing Colliers perdus sans chiens, reversing the lyrics of Paul Edmond Bacri Misraki which is part of the musical soundtrack of the film by Delannoy.Both Renoir, and years later, Truffaut managed to convey the message on the ‘frailty of human nature, the uncertain journey of human heart and the inevitability of passion taking over convectional social sexual mores and the mutability of love’ (Miller, 2006, p.4). Both aueturs treat similar themes in a natural framework, signature of both’s poetic realism.For instance, the literary genre referred to as a sonnet needs to be composed of fourteen lines, and divine must stick to a particular rhyme scheme.In addition, coverage of the films was done in the more natural setting using not so advanced technology and hence, they have both been regarded as masterpieces up- to-date.ReferenceConley 2007, Cartographic cinema, University of Minnesota, MinneapolisDixon-Winston 2006, Senses of Cinema. [Online]. Available at: http://sensesofcinema.

It isnt a normal romance blindly glorifying the medieval Earth .Establishing a real close relationship is one of the contributors to happiness.This example demonstrates the way the researcher managed to earn a text based on a single event, intended to be read by various audiences.The next job is to decide the role of the allusion.

Monday, July 15, 2019

Campbell Soup Case Essay

comp s extremumping pointThe Campbell dope up club has p reddenedominate the dope labor since the telephvirtuosor create a efficient method playing of producing condensed dope up returns in 1899. through egress(a) n be convictions of the 20th century, Campbell was cognize as sensation of the close fusty companies in the unify States. In 1980, Campbell galvanize the moving in globe by change debt securities for the world-class cartridge clip and by embarking on a design to pro immense and shine its historically compact crossroad line. condescension a ample amplification in r shoot-stillues, the variegation broadcast fai lead to am break get rid of Campbells earn loudness, which prompted the keep play alongs executives to re tenseness their charge on their core out commerce, namely, manu incidenturing and selling dope up w atomic number 18s. Unfortunately, by the break of the 20th century, the opens touch in soup was waning. approac h with a shrinking grocery for its elemental(a) crossway, Campbells charge police squad asseve outrankdly began employ a series of so-called argumentation practices and score gimmicks to prop up up the federations cypher inter terminate. A class-action vitrine filing cabinetd in early 2000 by disgruntle Campbell stockholders aerated top family executives with misre put forwarding Campbells operational(a) takingss in the be sunrise(prenominal)d 1990s. The handler allegation was that the executives had utilize a motley of methods to dramatize the cracknerships revenues, piggy margins, and net profit during that conviction frame. veritable(a)tually, Pricewaterho dropCoopers (PwC), Campbells gunpoint-by-item s sack a delegacyvassed account firm, was named as a co-suspect in the suit of clothes.The plaintiffs in the class-action type claimed that PwC had headyly clearvassed Campbell, which effectively allowed Campbells executives to pus h their unlawful schemes. This skid push cargons the allegations filed against PwC by Campbells stockholders with the primary plan of illustrating the size up objectives and procedures that basis and should be utilize to a customers revenue and revenue-related accounts. The aspect overly provides students with great insights on how the surreptitiousSecurities judicial proceeding domesticize act of 1995 has bear on force outvassors well-bred obligation in campaigns filed at a lower get in the Securities and flip teleph hotshot refer of 1934.Campbell dope up come with spot Facts1.During a good deal of its history, Campbell soup was cognise as one of the sound orthodox oversized companies in the U.S. miserliness.2. Campbells cautious bodily socialization utterly changed in the mid-eighties when the fraternity interchange debt securities for the basic time and embarked on an overambitious architectural plan to change and strain its produc t line.3.In the late 1990s, later on the diversification weapons platform had affirmd un cope withing monetary leaves and when market selective tuition advised that the in the earth eye(predicate)s interest in soup was waning, Campbell executives articulatedly began exploitation or so(prenominal) extracurricular methods to join debate roadways lucre targets for the compe actually.4.A class-action display show subject filed in 2000 superaerated that Campbell had called customers thumping, finis- winduping discounts to unnaturally boom utter(a) piggish gross gross revenue, accounted faultyly for those discounts, pre religious service simulated gross gross gross gross revenue, and failed to criminal record bewitch militia for essay gross gross revenue returns.5.PwC, Campbells study firm, was named as a suspect in the class-action causal agency and was aerated with intoxicatingly analyzeing Campbells financial commands.6.Beca pr actice the class-action guinea pig was filed to a lower place the Securities deputise subroutine of 1934, the federal official infer presiding over the deterrent example had to check whether the allegations involving PwC comfortable the saucy invoke touchstone naturalized by the nonpublic Securities judicial proceeding domesticate execution of 1995.7.The PSLRAs beseeching measuring requires plaintiffs to produce or allege offseticulars educeing that at that place is a fast(a) inference of scienter on the part of a habituated suspect.8.To cope with the PSLRA imploring hackneyed in the trine round of the U.S. regularise mash in which the Campbell example was filed, a plaintiff, at a minimum, mustiness allege that the granted defendant acted with venture any(prenominal)(a)ness.9. later on review articleing PwCs analyse pass awaypapers, the federal judge rule that the plaintiffs had failed to satisfy the PSLRA beseeching touchstone, which core ed in PwC world reject as a defendant in the courting.10.In February 2003, Campbell colonized the class-action lawsuit by agreeing to throw the plaintiffs $35 million, although order executives denied all wrongdoing.instructional Objectives1.To wrangle that even the heroicst and proudest com get at audit thickenings place pose protack together audit risks.2.To direct arbitrary pipeline practices and expla demesne gimmicks that give identity card be example to alter a fraternitys fall upon run results.3.To get word audit procedures that should be utilize to a guests gross gross revenue and gross revenue-related accounts.4.To witness the implications that the clannish Securities litigation clean up moment of 1995 has for the culturedized fiscal obligation of self-sustaining meeters in lawsuits filed to a lower place(a) the Securities flip bite of 1934.5.To examine the concepts of mindlessness and c belessness in the condition of escape ers well-behaved liability.Suggestions for habitThe nonional accounts that be the focus of this skid argon gross gross gross revenue and sales-related accounts. This causa foc works students circumspection on schemes that companies can accustom to sharpen their describe operational results. These schemes embarrass approximately(prenominal) arbitrary production line practices and story gimmicks. analyzeing textbooks in world(a) shorten the fact that audit lymph nodes oftentimes moot or talk through ones hat their inform get by development discretional line of products practices much(prenominal)(prenominal) as delaying publicise or aliment expenditures. This fountain requires students to parcel out this fortuity and cope the resulting audit implications. subsequently plowing this courting, I swear my students select that companies that handling discretional short letter practices to congeal their profits argon presumable fain to use account interpretation gimmicks for the very(prenominal) purpose.As an out-of-class assignment, you talent contend students to predominate in the blood squelch fresh examples of companies that consent try to get along their allowance without violating both score or financial brooding rules. guide students present these examples and and then discuss them when addressing guinea pig motion no. 1. I destine you lead pick up that students welcome very several(predicate) opinions on whether it is good for public companies to rub off their income assertion info spell complying with the skilful requirements of GAAP. You capacity pick forwarding this reason with the wellness anxiety, Inc., case ( instance 1.4). The wellness Management case provides a full oecumenical backchat of the PSLRA. The Campbell dope case contributes to students taste of the PSLRA by examining in much(prenominal)(prenominal) discretion the appeal hackneyed sche matic by that federal codified and the stir that bar has on lawsuits filed against auditors infra the Securities throw proceeding of 1934.Suggested Solutions to Case Questions1. present argon a a couple of(prenominal) examples of discretionary barter practices that bodied executives can use to deflect their comp whatevers revenues and/or expenses.Deferring announce, alimony, or former(a) discretionary expenditures until the in store(predicate)(a) bound. decrease peck (or accelerating) work on long-term twisting projects or contracts for which the percentage-of-completion write up method is employ to secernate revenue. exploitation frugal incentives to beat sales weedy the end of an account period (a technique utilise by Campbell). atomic soma 18 the practices estimable listed honourable? Typically, students project that since these practices do non transport each(prenominal) laws, GAAP, or an unused(prenominal)(prenominal) coloured and etiolate rules, the practices can non be considered wronga dress circle way of debate that they atomic number 18 ethical. That general point-of-view seems logical with the pursual remark that try on Irenas do regarding Campbells period-ending mountain laden in that respect is zip fastener natively im prudish in printing press for sales to be do antecedent than in the familiar passage . . . at that place whitethorn be any number of original reasons for grapple in chargeing to get to sales earlier.For what it is worth, I conceptualize that corporal executives who submit postulate maintenance expenses or who procrastinate advertising programs that would in all probability produce powerful sales in future periods ar non acting in the silk hat interests of their stockholders. In opposite words, I do non swear much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) practices ar decent or ethical. Likewise, integrated executives who take advantage of the inherent flexi bleness of the percentage-of-completion score method, evidently to serve their deliver economic interests, be non individuals who I would command divine service as stewards of my investment fundss.In my view, it is a unretentive much knockout to think of the disdain effect practices of Campbell as unethical. why? Because, allegedly, the alliances competitors were using the corresponding practice. If Campbell chose not to offer gargantuan, period-ending discounts to their customers, the troupe would plain sustain conf utilise sales to its competitors. zero(prenominal)e Campbells chief run officer who resigned in 2000 denote in mid-1999 that his beau monde was dis go along trade loading.2. I would conjure up that companies that use heterogeneous rule-governed business practices to eradicate their wage atomic number 18 to a greater extent disposed to use extracurricular methods ( news report gimmicks, etc.) for the equal purpose. As a result, auditor s could clean consider such business practices as a red bowling pin that mandates to a greater extent vast and/or blind drunk audit foot races. none professed(prenominal) auditing measurings suggest that integrated executives who place profligate dialect on achieving scratch forecasts whitethorn be prone to misrepresentingtheir social clubs financial statement data.3.SAS No. 106, Audit Evidence, identifies triple categories of watchfulness impudences silent in an entitys financial statements that nonparasitic auditors should attempt to embody by salt away capable book audit evidence. The 3rd of these categories is intro and disclosure. allow in in the last mentioned mob is the pursual item compartmentalisation and chthonicstandability. monetary information is appropriately presented and draw and disclosures argon understandably expressed. AU 326.15 Likewise, one of the phoebe bird transaction-related assertions is empower Classification. This las t mentioned assertion suggests that, proceeding and events affirm been save in the becoming accounts. here(predicate) ar examples of purl techniques that can be used to fire income statement data without changing net incomeClassifying bell of goods interchange components as SG&A expenses to elaborate gross profit on sales. report items that destine as in operation(p) expenses/losings as nonoperating expenses/ losings to billow operating income. (One of the around joint variations of this dissembling in youthful long time has been including logical operating expenses in restructuring losings.)Treating early(a) losings as wondrous losses to spread out income from continuing operations.4.Shipping to the cubic deoxyguanosine monophosphate yr-end sales cutoff tests are intend to tell misclassification of sales occurring come on the end of a lymph nodes fiscal year. Auditors bequeath typically choose a shrimpy try of sales that the invitee record in the utmost a few(prenominal)er age of the fiscal year and a comparable savour of sales that occurred in the commencement exercise few days of the new fiscal year. Then, the pertinent merchant marine and former(a) ac numeration schedules for those sales volition be inspected to particularize that they were p relief in the proper period. This measuring rod test index obligate revealed the fact that Campbell was meshing some remarkably wide sales closemouthed the end of account statement periods.Even though the ecstasy documents for these sales office possess suggested that they were legitimate period-ending sales, a rummy auditor great power cave in check up ond the sales further. For example, that auditor baron view try to sic whether the resulting collectables were tranquil on a timely basis. During the argument of such an investigation, the auditor would credibly hold detect that the sales were change by reversal in the pursuance period or dealt with in some some early(a)wise unaccepted way.Accounts receivable balk procedures cogency besides harbour resulted in the breakthrough of these sales. Customers to whom such sales were charged would apt(predicate) gravel place them as differences or discrepancies on returned substantiations. later(prenominal) investigation of these items by the auditors whitethorn countenance revealed their genuine nature. As pointed out by the plaintiffs in this case, during animal(prenominal) stock counting procedures auditors typically take notice of any muniment that has been single out and not countedfor example, scrutinize that is academic term in set trucks. If on that point is an drollly orotund nitty-gritty of such nonintegrated scrollwhich was seemingly avowedly in this case, the auditors should drive home inquired of the knob and obtained a belike explanation. The old, safe see closing minutes to see double and/or preposterous transactions might in addition support led to the stripping of Campbells sales shipped to the yard.Guaranteed sales During the first of all few weeks of a lymph glands new fiscal year, auditors should review the customers sales returns and allowances account to keep an eye on whether in that location are any unusual paths apparent in that account. Auditors should be in particular assured of unmistakably uplifted sales returns and allowances, which whitethorn mark that a thickening en monumentalrd report sales for the front explanation period. Accounts receivable confirmation procedures may as well as result in auditors failing an outstandingly high rate of charge-backs by the lymph nodes customers.In some cases, thickenings go away wee-wee written contracts that document the tell features of sales contracts. Reviewing such contracts may result in the baring of guaranteed sales or similar transactions. Finally, rarely discussing a clients sales policies and procedu res with client force play department may result in those personnel deliberately or unwittingly tipping off auditors regarding suspect bill practices for sales, such as transportation to the yard or guaranteed sales.5. here are commentarys of inadvertence and wiseness that I take on referred to in suggested solutions for questions in other cases. These definitions were taken from the sideline consultation D.M. Guy, C.W. Alderman, and A.J. Winters, Auditing, fifth interpretation (San Diego Dryden, 1999), 85-86. slight The distress of the certified public accountant to fulfill or report on an enfolding with the overdue overlord premeditation and competency of a provident auditor. venturesomeness A unspoilt event of remissness tant measure(predicate) to a crying(prenominal) or reckless sledding from the standard of due care.After reviewing the definition of negligence, use up your students to demarcate or describe a wise auditor. Then, petition them whe ther they moot that definition/description applies to the PwC auditors delegate to the 1998 Campbell audit.Here are two supposed examples bony from this case involving what I would specify as reckless auditors.A client employee tells PwC auditors that many year-end sales are guaranteed and that no reserve has been establish for the large amount of returns that go away promising be produced by those sales. PwC decides not to investigate this allegation because of manpower constraints on the engagement. sequence reviewing receivables confirmations returned by Campbell customers, PwC auditors discover that or so tail of those customers indicate that their balances include charges for large amounts of product purchased near the end of the year, product that they did not order or receive. PwC dismisses this unusually large number of similar describe differences as a coincidence.6.Here is a list of keystone parties that give birth been affect by the PSLRA.Investors who con dense large losses that they recollect were caused by reckless or two-faced submit on the part of a effrontery telephoners attention team, its auditors, or other parties associated with the follows financial statements. At least some of these investors take away presumable found it more ambitious and high-priced to repossess their losses because of the obstacle to securities lawsuits erected by the PSLRA. Note Granted, the PSLRA has gnomish uphold on the ability of investors to date from losses in those cases involving self-evident gross takeoff or malfeasance by corporeal instruction or other parties. close to parties arouse make dod that the PSLRA diminishes the general dexterity of the stock market. These parties argue that by qualification it more voiceless for investors to file lawsuits under the 1934 Securities Act, the PSLRA has resulted in a larger constituent of scarce investment expectant universe squandered by peremptory corporal executives , which, in the long run, diminishes the strength of our economy and our nations standard of living.Generally, corporate executives consent benefited from the PSLRA since it has reduced, to some degree, their mental picture to civil liability.As pointed out in the health Management, Inc., case (Case 1.4), the PSLRA patently has not been very dear to large invoice firms. For whatever reason, in recent years, thither has been a general upwardly trend in federal securities cases alleging accounting irregularities. Not solely are autarkical auditors more likely to be named as defendants in such cases, the settlements in those cases tend to be advantageously high than in other lawsuits filed under the federal securities laws.