Strategic Marketing-Forecast and Budget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Marketing-Forecast and Budget - Essay Example The portable button will reduce cases of insecurity but the current challenge is to design. Product Development and Testing Hire expertise to develop product 45 Prototype development costs: 140 Labour 240 Materials 130 Subcontracting 210 Special Purpose Equipment 300 Miscellaneous 230 Fees for lab testing 212 Field Trial costs 125 Patent Application Fees 43 Legal Fees re IP 233 Additional marketing research activity 50 Development of technical manuals 65 Development of User training manuals 210 Packaging Design 65 Travel Costs 120 Staffing Costs 230 Update business plan 50 Search for Venture Capital 210 Other related costs: 250 The product marketing and promotion programs are not captured in the product development because they are under the marketing budget. These components are not part of the development process. The development of a gadget connecting security organization with the people demands that the bodies must understand how the system operates. The role of security organ i s to develop the necessary security structure support workability of the product. The success of the whole process depends on the ability to address pertinent issues affecting the product. The trial costs must be monitored because trials are very expensive to address or handle leading to serious challenge for the product development process. ... The product is an IT related programs that must be addressed in issues of communication and the issues of security of the communication practice Market Research & Technical Feasibility costs Product Management Training $100 Other HR training costs $100 Focus Group Costs $100 Brochure Development $145 Costs gathering market intelligence $350 Product mock-up costs $230 Staffing Costs $340 Consulting Costs (idea evaluation, marketing assistance) 210 Technical Review of Product Concept 120 Legal/Professional fees 120 End-user visits 230 Other related costs: 300 New product launch support services New product development and completion do not guarantee success of the product, unless the implementation process is undertaken in a way that will encourage the target market to try out the product. Several launching programs exist, but the company needs to engage in tactical launch of new products. During the process of planning of new product launch, support is required from the top management on the dates of launch, and the facilitation required, in the process to achieve success (Sandhusen, 2000, p. 34). In order to support the tactical and the strategic launch of products, market research must be conducted so as to determine the efficiency of the method chosen for the product launch. Market testing is vital throughout the new product development process. Market testing will allow the organization to finalize the planning process of the product launch. Additionally, the feedback collection process will be efficient if the customers are allowed to give their opinion during the product launch leading to the ease of product improvement in the process

Chose one for me 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chose one for me 1 - Essay Example The federal government is better able to keep emergency highly expensive and specialized resources. The fact is that each state only has a major emergency very rarely, and that it would be incredibly inefficient for each state to keep disaster resources. The resources would inevitably drift into unimportance during a particularly tight budget year in which a disaster has not occurred for a long period of time, and then would be neglected and cut. A disaster would then hit, demonstrating how much those resources are needed, and people would suffer. The United States can collectively keep those resources available much more efficiently because the country as a whole has to deal with emergencies much more than particular states ever would. Finally, pushing more responsibilities onto already cash-strapped states would be incredibly dangerous and irresponsible. Liberal commentators love to point to major events such as the recent hurricane Sandy as absolute proof that it would be more than impossible to limit the size of government without making drastic changes and harming people who need help. The problem is, however, that the liberals’ logic is often twisted and contorted beyond recognition. One of the biggest logical problems with liberals is their constant insistence that pushing more service provision onto the budgets of already beleaguered states would be unacceptable. The problem with this logic is that it misses the point entirely: states should be collecting a broader share of the taxes *and* giving more of the services. Obviously one without the other would be ludicrous, but pretending that transferring a lot of responsibilities to the states without also cutting federal taxes (and thus letting states charge higher taxes) is a possibility shows how broken the liberal’s argument is. They cannot even imagine shrinking the federal

Management, People and Organisations - Managing the United Kingdom Essay

Management, People and Organisations - Managing the United Kingdom National Health Service - Essay Example The management of NHS has been faced with challenges from the government, public and within its own organization. The government and public requires the organization to deliver more and build trust however provisional support not sufficient. The essay analyzes symptoms in order to recognize problems and provide alternatives solutions. It deliberates the organizational issues underlying these difficulties and suggests vicissitudes believed conducive to making a high performance organization. In addition, it explores NHS organizational administration methods, structure and culture morals from a conjectural background (MARTIN, 2005). It summarizes the prominence of managing these issues communally in an unstable atmosphere to accomplish goals. It discloses internal and external factors that encourage change in organizations. The problems faced by United Kingdom National Health Service are not unique to any organization offering service. Management requires designing and maintaining an atmosphere that individuals, working as teams, efficiently achieve selected goals. The key objective of management is to ensure things are done by the people, through generating a suitable setting in which they can attain organizational goals. The case study reveals that many clinicians have indulged in managerial duties besides their existing role, in an attempt to bring a difference. This engrossment in management can be time overwhelming and actually clashes with their professional roles. It is understandable that many of the indications which the case study proves can be directly linked to conflict of roles or better say conflict of interest. This proves lack of professionalism since each player in an organization should adhere to their duties and do them to their best. Organization should define each role of players and governing principles to ensure quality. It is evident that role issue is a major management problem for the NHS. In any specified role, there

Theodore Roosevelt and his contribution to America Research Paper

Theodore Roosevelt and his contribution to America - Research Paper Example He used these enhancements to make serious and positive changes to the US. He focused upon some of the most important questions concerning the power of the government and the individuals within a nation. Body US was experiencing heavy amount of economic growth and was being regarded as the wealthiest nation when Roosevelt replaced McKinley as president. US were leading throughout the world in the production of iron, coal steel and timber when Roosevelt came into action. During that era US even experienced growth in the rate of population and exports. The growth experienced by US was beneficial but equally disastrous as this growth brought poverty, increase in child labor, unpleasant working conditions and unequal distribution of wealth. Roosevelt was of the opinion that government should intervene and limit the freedom enjoyed by private enterprises. Due to this he started regulating private businesses by making several changes to the laws and constitution, some of these changes in laws includes: the drug act, laws regarding the safety and inspection of working conditions in industries and the Pure Food Act (D'Silva 262). Although these changes were not appreciated by the business communi ty during that time period but today the importance of these changes are recognized by the citizens of US. Roosevelt was clearly of the opinion that one aspect of the society that should be directed and supervised by the government was the economy of a country. The laws and regulations added to the constitution by the president have aided the society in bringing Private Corporations such as Enron and Microsoft to justice. During the period of 1912, he tried for the third term as president under the Progressive Political party, during this session he coined and promoted some of the various changes to constitution that were later enacted under president Franklin, these changes included the stock market regulation, minimum wage clause and the Social security clause. Roosevelt played the role of an activist not only in America but throughout the world as he promoted the role of the United States as world power. During the period of 1898 US was at war with the Spanish nations and soon co nquered them, after the war US became responsible for supervising territories such as Cuba and Puerto Rico (O'Toole 300). President Roosevelt was a part of the war as an American solider and later he supported and made the American citizens realize that US was a global power. He was even a promoter of democracy as he promoted the Marshall Plan which was enacted after his death. The legacies of the president were a gift to the world and to the future of US, he was in love with the natural beauty, he liked to experience adventures such as hiking and climbing and he was the first president of US to make the issues experienced by environment as a issue to be countered by the government. He was persuaded by the Sierra Club and the chief of the US forests to take the issue of protecting the environment to the federal level as the issue could not be countered on the state level (O'Toole 240). His love for preserving the environment and his love for nature made him create policies in order o protect the

The Spirit and Personality of Man Essay Example for Free

The Spirit and Personality of Man Essay The Spirit and Personality of Man In your opinion, how is the spirit and personality linked? Where does the idea of a spirit fit within your own theory of personality? What is the spirit of a man? Where did our personalities come from? What influences our personality? We know that our environment which includes our family, culture and communities’ influence us but what is behind our personalities? Should we think of the self as a complex chemical substance or as a spirit? We find ourselves identified with God in Genesis 1:26 (New International Version) in this book the Lord God is found speaking to other members of the Godhead and says, â€Å"Let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness, so that they may rule†, in Genesis 2:7 (NIV), he continues to tell us about our creation in the next chapter by saying, â€Å"the LORD God formed a man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being. This tells us that our personality comes from God and that it is he that has made us and not we ourselves† Psalms 100: 3 (NIV). From a biblical standpoint of view it tells us that we come from God and that our personality is mostly spiritual since Adam had no life until God breathed into him and we likewise. When people die the body is lifeless and is returned to the ground. The Jewish, Christian and Muslim communities believe in the God of heaven (who is a Spirit, John 4:24) and that we took our personalities from him. On the flip side of that Satan worshipers believe that Satan (who is a spirit) is greater than God and they devoutly worship him and are lead by his Principalities, Power and Rulers in their everyday life. That seems to be about or close to half of the world’s population which believes that a spirit being controls their mind, will, and emotions. This informs us of where (I believe) we come from and where our personalities come from. No one, or no thing, is an island unto itself (Hoffman, 1993). Many people believe that we are sovereign unto ourselves, and that there is God’s ways (personality), my ways, and the Devils ways and that is not true. When Adam sinned against God, he gave authority over to Satan which allowed the kingdom of darkness a legal obligation to oppress, and possess me when they sin. Although we did not see happen physically nor do we see it reoccurring physically today, we see the result of the relationship between sin, personality and evil spirit. Every week or two I log on to scoan. org to watch Christian services by Prophet T. B. Joshua. Prophet T. B. Joshua is a Christian, minister, televangelist and faith healer. He is leader and founder of the ministry organization The Synagogue, Church of All Nations (SCOAN) located in Lagos, Nigeria. Most of time during his services before he begins to pray he says, â€Å"Whatever your situation is, whatever your problem is, it might be sickness, disease, cancer, bad luck; whatever your problem, a Demon is behind it†. Then when he begins to lead his congregation in prayer people who are possessed or oppressed by demons began to crawl, slither, gag, spit, and sometimes even want to fight him. What about these people’s personality causes them to behave inhumanly? I would say they are faking but I grew up around the same church environment, plus it is common to read about Demons reacting to Jesus the same way in Mark 9:14 – 20 (New International Version), the man with a deaf and dumb spirit, Mark 1:23-24, King James Version, a man with an unclean spirit in the synagogue, and the man with a legion of demons (Mark 5:15 NIV). When the man with the legion of demon had them cast out he was instantly changed from being a savage, into a man of solitude, a sound mind and peace. I do not understand how our spirit and personality actually connected but I do understand that the kingdom of heaven and the kingdom of darkness are in a war to save or destroy the spirit and personality of man. The bible says that our struggle is not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the powers of this dark world and against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly realms.

Hindi gk Essay Example for Free

Hindi gk Essay To acquaint students with the economic problems and solve the problems at local and national level To familiarize students with basic ideas in economics To foster an urge among students for effective participation. To prepare students to cope with stress and strain. To develop an understanding of the nations resources To develop among students a favorable attitude To help the students to understand that various sectors must develop equally. To develop among students a passion tor social Justice. To help students to acquire skills. Objectives of teaching economics at Higher Secondary Level: 1 . To acquire the knowledge of facts, terms, concepts, trends, principles, problems and processes of economics. 2. To develop understanding of trends, principles, processes, etc in economics. 3. To apply the acquired knowledge and its understanding to unfamiliar situation. 4. To acquire economic skills like drawing maps, charts, tables, diagrams, graphs, etc. 5. To evelop interest in the subject and problems related to the economic life of the people. 6. To develop desirable attitudes necessary for developing a broader outlook. ) Correlation of Economics with Commerce, Mathematics, History, Geography, Science, Languages. Meaning of correlation: 0 Technique which establishes reciprocal relationship between different subjects of the curriculum for the better and clear understanding of the subject under discussion. 0 Acc. To Raymont, No subject is ever well understood and no art is intelligently practiced, if the light which t he other studies are able to throw upon it is eliberately shut out. 0 Knowledge is one invisible whole, which cannot be divided into water tight compartments. Reasons for correlation: 0 Stability of knowledge 0 Economy of knowledge 0 Development of interest in the subject 0 Makes the burden of the curriculum light 0 Development of human and social qualities Types of Correlation: 1) Incidental Correlation: correlation between subjects occurring by chance not planned. 2) Planned Correlation: Its a deliberate attempt to correlate subjects. There are two types of planned correlation: a) Vertical Correlation- correlation of economics with various branches of economics ) Horizontal correlation- correlation of economics with other subjects c) Correlation with life. Correlation of Economics with Commerce: Main aim in Commerce is 0 to study about business, industry, trade and organization 0 study all activities beginning from production and leading up to distribution 0 study of trade, banking, export, import, book-keeping, etc All the above are closely associated with economics. Economics and commerce cannot be studied separately. They are inter-twined. Through the knowledge of commerce, it is possible to run the economy of a country more efficiently. Correlation ot Economics witn Mathematics: 0 There exists very close relationship of economics with mathematics particularly statistics. Most of the economic theories are propounded on the basis of statistical data. 0 In economics we make use of various mathematical symbols. 0 To formulate theories, Geometry and Algebra are widely used. 0 Without statistics the knowledge of economics remains incomplete. Marshall said, Statistics are the straw out of which, I like every other economist have to make b ricks. 0 To draw graphs, sketches, and tables the teacher of economics depends on mathematical knowledge. Correlation of Economics with History: 0 Both subjects are social sciences. 0 After Industrial Revolution production of quantity and quality of goods improved. Also resulted in competitive business for marketing of finished goods. Gave rise to infighting among various developed European powers which resulted in huge wars and new powers emerged. 0 First and Second World Wars were fought for economic considerations. 0 To get knowledge of various economic factors that were responsible for various historical events, we have to depend on history. 0 History tells about the economic development of various countries. When we read a particular period in history, we learn about economic conditions prevailing in that period. The beginning of medium of exchange such as gold coins and others are studied in history. Correlation of Economics with Geography: 0 In economics we study about various goods. The production is governed by various geographical factors such as nature of soil, climate. 0 Economic conditions of a country depend to a large extent on its geographical conditions. 0 India could become a great power in ancient times because of its geograp hical situation and other conditions. Agriculture, industry and other economic activities depend to a large extent on geographical factors. C] Availability of raw materials means of transport and types land (plateaus, deserts, mountains, etc) are considered in major decisions of business. 0 Certain industries and trade develop in a particular place when geographical conditions favor them. Correlation of Economics with Science: 0 Teaching is a technical Job. It requires certain qualities of head and heart. Every teacher must familiarize herself/ himself with the time honored maxims of teaching which are evolved as a result of long experience in teaching and research in ducational psychology. To explain the concept of Diminishing Marginal Utility give water to a student to drink and ask other students to observe how is urge for drinking water decreases gradually at that point of time. v) Particular to General 0 Examples and facts should be presented to students before giving them the general rules or principles. 0 Study of particular facts should lead the children themselves frame general rules and generalizations 0 Same principle adopted in inductive method of teaching 0 E. g. discuss adulteration of different products, cheating done to consumers and then teach the concept of Consumer Protection.

Female Athlete Triad: Energy, Menstruation and Bone Density

Female Athlete Triad: Energy, Menstruation and Bone Density â€Å"Define the term the Female Athlete Triad. Explain the interaction between the various elements of the triad and their effects on health and human performance† Introduction The female athlete triad refers to the interrelationships among energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density (BMD), which may have clinical manifestations including eating disorders, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, and osteoporosis (Nattiv et al. 1994). It is unfortunately a disorder which often goes unrecognised in female athletes. The female athlete triad is caused by an energy drain where there is a caloric deficitdue to the athletes energy expenditure exceeding herdietary energy intake (Nattiv et al. 1994). Whether known to the athlete or not, thislow level of energy availability causes disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis,which results in decreased gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)pulsatility and low luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (Loucks 1990). This then leads to a decreased estrogen production which causes menstrual dysfunction. These decreased estrogen levels in turn affect calcium resorption and bone accretion, which cause decreased bone health (Gottschlich Young, 2006). The 3 components of the triad are all inter-related through physiological and psychological means as shown in Fig. 1. The common psychological pressures to repeatedly put in a performance of optimal standard and often the perceived requirement to maintain a low body mass for certain sports, result in a large amount of training. This large amount of training combined with a low energy intake, and also in addition to the stress hormones produced by psychological stress, may lead to a physiological alteration in the endocrinological control of the menstrual cycle, which may lead to the athlete becoming amenorrhoeic. The consequence of becoming amenorrhoeic through dysfunction of the hypothalamus and pituitary is that the production of oestrogen will decrease. This hormone has a major role in maintaining adequate BMD. Therefore, a hypo-oestrogenic state is associated with a low BMD and an increased risk of osteoporosis (Birch, 2005). Not all sufferers have all 3 components of the female athlete triad however. In recent years, new studies are continuing to emerge indicating that even having just1 or 2 elements of the triad significantly increases these womens long-term morbidity. In addition to this, a study by Burrows et al. (2007) has suggested that the current triad elements do not identify allwomen at risk from the syndrome,rather thatcriteria such as exercise-related menstrual alterations, disordered eating, and osteopenia may be more appropriate (Gottschlich Young, 2006). Eating disorders There is a reduced energy availability (the amount of dietary energy remaining for other body functions after exercise training such as cellular maintenance, thermogenesis, immunity, growth, reproduction, and locomotion) associated with disordered eating which is the result of an exercise energy expenditure greater than a dietary energy intake. This compensation by physiological mechanisms to reduce the amount of energy made available to these functions tends to restore energy balance in the body and promote survival, but consequently impairs health. Extreme cases of eating disorders could include anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Many athletes do not meet the strict criteria for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa that are listed by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fig. 2) but will however, manifest similar disordered eating behaviours as part of the triad syndrome (Hobart and Smucker, 2000). The term anorexia athletica or â€Å"disordered eating† has been used to distinguish between pathological anorexia and eating disorders associated with training and sports performance. The criteria for this include perfectionism, compulsiveness, competitiveness, high self motivation, menstrual disturbances, and at least one unhealthy method of weight control such as fasting, vomiting, and use of diet pills, laxatives, or diuretics (Birch 2005). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as mentioned above was reviewed by the American Psychiatric Association (2000) to include a more comprehensive classification of eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS) for athletes who do not meet the criteria for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa (Fig. 3). Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea Some clinical menstrual disorders are obvious to affected women such as oligomenorrhea (menstrual cycles ≠¥ 35 days) and amenorrhea (no cycles for > 90 days), but sub-clinical menstrual disorders are not, e.g. luteal deficiency and anovulation. Amenorrhea may be caused by a wide range of organic diseases, genetic abnormalities, energy deficiency, and stress. Medical tests are required to diagnose the etiology of amenorrhea so that appropriate care can be offered to sufferers of the syndrome (Manore et al. 2007). Amenorrhea that is related to athletic training and weight fluctuation is caused by changes in the hypothalamus which result in decreased levels of estrogen. Amenorrhea in the female athlete triad, according to (Hobart and Smucker, 2000), can be classified as primary or secondary: Primary amenorrhea: no spontaneous uterine bleeding in the following situations: (a) by the age of 14 years without the development of secondary sexual characteristics, or (b) by the age of 16 years with otherwise normal development. Secondary amenorrhea: the absence of menstrual bleeding in a female for (a) 6 months with primary regular menses, or (b) 12 months with previous oligomenorrhea. The type of amenorrhea caused by low energy availability associated with eating disorders is classified as functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA). In FHA, ovarian function is suppressed by an abnormally slow frequency of luteinising hormone (LH) pulses in the blood. LH pulsatility is regulated in part by neurological pathways originating in specialised neurons which can sense the availability of oxidisable metabolic fuels (Wade Jones, 2004). There are many causes of menstrual disorders, many of which are not completely understood. Pulsatile release of luteinising hormone is decreased, which leads initially to luteal phase defects. In addition, women with luteal phase defects and amenorrhoea will have higher concentrations of growth hormone and cortisol and lower concentrations of leptin, insulin, and triodothyronine when compared with sedentary women. These hormones are related to metabolism, which means they are also related to nutritional and metabolic status. When these hormones indicate that energy availability is low over a period of time, the menstrual cycle will be temporarily suppressed in order to conserve energy (Birch 2005). Osteoporosis Osteoporosis, as defined by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), is a disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced skeletal fragility and increased risk of fracture (Otis et al. 1997). This is the final component of thefemale athlete triadwhich exists on a continuum from optimal bone health to osteoporosis and focuses on bone strength, which consists of BMD and bone quality. Bone quality refers to bone turnover rates (resorption versus formation, time for maturation of the new bone matrix, microarchitecture or trabeculae, bone geometry and size, etc.).The inability to measure bone quality at this time leaves one half of the equation for bone health empty and offers an explanation for why some athletes may suffer more fractures even if they have the same poor bone density as their peers. Therefore, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans are used as a quantitative measure of bone health. (Gottschlich Young, 2006). The World Health Organization (WHO) has established guidelines on how to classify BMD using dual energy radiographic absortiometry (DXA). Osteoporosis is defined as BMD greater than 2.5 standard deviations below the mean of young adults. Osteopenia is defined by a BMD 1 to 2.5 standard deviations below the mean of young adults (Kanis et al. 1994). Recently however, the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) published a statement (Lewiecki et al. 2004) that the WHOs guidelines for osteoporosis should not actually be used on healthy premenopausal females. They suggest instead that Z-scores should be used rather than T-scores for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in this particular population. According to Brunet (2005), there is an increased risk for fracture in the elderly population as well as the young in conjunction with osteoporosis. Some of the associated risk factors include: thyroid or corticosteroid medications, smoking, a low calcium diet, amenorrhea, a family history of osteoporosis, a sedentary lifestyle, and a lack of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) post menopause (Bellantoni, 1996). According to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (1991), gender can play a part with females being 8 times more likely to develop osteoporosis than males. The reason for this is a decreased baseline bone mass and also, an increased level of bone absorption associated with menopause. Treatment The clinical suspicion alone that someone is suffering from female athlete triad should be sufficient indication to start with therapeutic and preventive steps, such as a reduction in training loads, an increase in bodyweight, and improvements in diet. These clinical suspicions could be based on personal history such as previous stress fractures, or based on the presence of other factors such as amenorrhea. These steps aim at returning estrogen production to normal levels by normalizing the disturbed menstrual cycle. If this goal is not achieved, the lack of estrogens has to be treated with exogenous estrogens administration, particularly in the case of secondary amenorrhea, to ensure achievement of peak bone mass (PBM). If osteoporosis is documented, it is an additional indication for hormonal substitution. There are two ways to carry this out, and can be selected in relation to the age or to special wishes of the athletes like contraception and cycle control. Either estrogens as a part of a birth control pill or a HRT with natural estrogens and progestins. Both treatments need to consider the minimal dose of estrogens necessary for prevention of osteoporosis. In addition, sufficient intake of calcium and vitamin D may not be neglected. Regarding the long-term results of the proposed hormonal treatment, it has to be admitted that prospective results from longitudinal studies are completely lacking, and that more research is urgently needed (Roth et al. 2000). Conclusion Low energy availability with or without eating disorders, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, and osteoporosis, alone or in combination, pose significant health risks to physically active girls and women. Prevention, recognition, and treatment of these clinical conditions should be a priority of those who work with female athletes to ensure that they maximize the benefits of regular exercise. (Nattiv et al. 1994). Prevention of the triad, or at least an early diagnosis of it, is certainly better than the cure. More efforts should be undertaken to appropriately inform physicians, athletes, coaches, officials and parents on all the different aspects of the triad. Dealing with this syndrome, according to Roth et al. (2000), may offer a chance to the female athlete the opportunity for a deeper reflection about her bodily function and the relative importance and perspective of performance and success in sports. References American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Athletic training and sports medicine (1991), 2nd ed., Park Ridge (IL): American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (1994), 4th ed., Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 539-50. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2000), 4th ed., Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. Bellantoni, M.F. (1996) ‘Osteoporosis prevention and treatment, Am Fam Physician, 54(3), 986-92. Birch, K. (2005) ‘Female athlete triad, British Medical Journal, 330(7485), 244-6. Brunet, M. (2005)‘Female athlete triadClin Sports Med,24(3), 623-36, ix. Burrows, M., Shepherd, H., Bird, S., MacLeod, K., Ward, B. (2007)‘The components of the female athlete triad do not identify all physically active females at risk,J Sports Sci, 25(12), 1289-97. Gottschlich, L. M. Young, C. C. (2006) ‘Female athlete triad, Medical College of Wisconsin [online], available: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/89260-overview [accessed 13 Dec 2009]. Hobart, J.A., Smucker, D.R. (2000) ‘The female athlete triad, Am Fam Physician, 61(11), 3357-67. Kanis, J.A., Melton, L.J., Christiansen, C., et al. (1994) ‘The diagnosis of osteoporosis, J Bone Miner Res, 9, 1137-41. Lewiecki, E.M., Watts, N.B., McClung, M.R., et al. (2004) ‘Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry, J Clinical Densitom, 89(8), 3651-5. Loucks, A.B. (1990)‘Effects of exercise training on the menstrual cycle: existence and mechanisms,Med Sci Sports Exerc, 22(3), 275-80. Manore, M.M., Kam, L.C., Loucks, A.B. (2007) ‘The female athlete triad: components, nutrition issues, and health consequences, Journal of Sports Sciences Nattiv, A., Agostini, R., Drinkwater, B., Yeager, K.K. (1994) ‘The female athlete triad. The inter-relatedness of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis, Clin Sports Med, 13, 405-18. Otis, C,L,, Drinkwater, B., Johnson, M. (1997) ‘ACSM position stand: the female athlete triad, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 29(5), i-ix. Roth, D., Meyer, Egli Ch., Kriemler, S., Birkhà ¤user M., Jaeger, P., Imhof, U., Mannhart, C., Seiler, R., Marti, B. (2000) ‘Female athlete triad, Schweiz. Ztschr. Sportmed. Sporttraum, 48, 119-132.