The Life of Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest: Then & Now Essa

The Life of Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest: Then & Now It has been estimated that the population of Native Americans living on or very near reservations in the United States ranges from about 1.1 to 1.3 million, and is distributed across more than 330 Indian nations in America (16). American Indian nations display an incredibly wide variety of social and economic characteristics. Although â€Å"American Indian† is identified as a single race category on the US Census, each tribe boasts its own culture and values. Members of two separate tribes may be as different as the populations of China and Africa. Long ago, the Indians of the Pacific Northwest depended entirely on their environment to support them. They were successful, self-sufficient groups who relied on their own means to sustain life. However, since the domination of Indian lands by the United States, these indigenous peoples have not had the resources to maintain their way of living. Not only were their lands invaded, but their culture was compromised as well. In response to their discontent with the sub-par living conditions, the US government has introduced laws to allow these groups to uphold their ancient values, while giving them the rights necessary to maintain the ability to support themselves. This includes the sovereignty of reservation lands, which has lead to the construction of casinos as a major money-maker for the Native American people, and a great deal of controversy to go along with it. From the ancient times of to hunting and gathering, to the invasion of Americans on Indian lands, to the modern c ompromises between the US and Native American governing bodies, the evolution of Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest is astoni... ...//www.indiangaming.org/info/pr/presskit/statistics.shtml>. 11. Native American Expressions. 15 May 2004. . 12. Native American Resource. 2002. 15 May 2004. . 13. Native American Shelters. 9 May 2004. . 14. Northwest Coast Canoe. 15 May 2004. . 15. Office of Hawaiian Affairs. May 27, 2004. . 16. Vogeler, Ingolf. Map of Indian Reservations. 1996. 15 May 2004. . 17. Your Tribe/Community’s History. May 14, 2004. .

Reasons to End Social Poisoning on the Internet Essay -- Censorship Cy

Reasons to End Social Poisoning on the Internet [NOTE: Many of the links the student refers to are no longer active.] While spreading the word of knowledge to the masses, the internet simultaneously dispenses social poisons. Many of the recipients are, unfortunately, children, and despite the American policy of free-speech, this kind of unintentional inculcation must stop. One of the problems lies in the fact that the right to criticize and the right to display "poisonous" material are one in the same: The Right of Freedom of Speech. But should a clear and present danger to social health take priority over the rights of an individual? Does the individual even have power? In Digital Literacy, Paul Gilster observes that "A global web of communications... points to a viruslike spread of ideas" (Gilster 27). Should society protect its youth from this "viruslike spread" by regulating content on the internet? These questions are tough to answer, but this paper will address them, introduce a socially harmful hate site, and reveal why society needs to be rid of the poison on the internet. One of the problems with social contemplation on this subject, though, is that this situation is relatively unknown to history. Though the power structure of the internet has been compared to centralized government, decentralized government and social anarchy, Jess Holbrook, in a discussion on November 24, accurately cited the internet as being "unlike anything else we’ve ever seen." So perhaps time should be taken to evaluate the effects of the internet on not just the nation’s youth, but the nation in general. While the evaluation is taking place, the presence of these social poisons on the internet must be recognized. The American Nazi ... ... real life himself, only the former is readily available to children. There needs to be a body which regulates the poison on the internet and makes it safe for the child to "surf the net." Not all sites on the internet are terrifying and problematic. But imagine a black child, whose ancestors survived the slave trade, coming across the American Nazi Party site, and "learning" that they are evil because of their skin color. No child should be exposed to this. Works Cited - Bolter, David Jay. Writing Space; The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hillsdale, New Jersey; 1991. - Gilster, Paul. Digital Literacy. Wiley Computer Publishing. New York. - Hall III, William B. "American Nazi Party." 28 November 1998. 5 December 1998 <http://home.earthlink.net/~wbhall/>. - Landow, George P. Hypertext 2.0. Johns Hopkins.

Comm 399 Assignment 2

Comm 399- 204 Question 1: a) The flow unit for the above steps is patients. b) The resources needed for: i) pre-surgery examination and orientation are the blood and urine test equipment, dinner supplies, tea and cookies and a bed. ii) surgery are the anesthetic, operating table, supplies, operating room, a surgeon iii) recovery are a wheel chair, cookies and tea and a bed. Question 2 a) The weekly throughput rate of the hospital is 120 patients/ week b) The average bed utilization is 450/ 630 = 71% c) | 90| 90| 90| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 60| | | | 60| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 30| 30| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Mond| Tues| Wed| Thurs| Fri| Sat| Sun| Question 3 a) The average bed utilization would be 540/ 630= 86%. b) | 90| 90| 90| 90| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 60| | | | | 60| 60| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Mond| Tues| Wed| Thurs| Fri| Sat| Sun| Question 4 a) Yes more capacity does need to be added to the faci lity. The bottleneck resource is the available beds and this directly affects the throughput rate.By increasing the number of available beds the hospital can admit more patients and operate on more of them leading to an increased throughput rate. b) My suggestion would be to first add an additional operation room so the throughput rate of operations from doctors could match that of the operating rooms available at 48 per day. Then I would suggest adding additional beds adding up to as many as 54 [ (48-30) *3 ]. This would maximize the number or patients able to be operated on and take care of, reaching the capacity rate for the different stages.

Toyota’s Sudden Unintended Acceleration

University of Sharjah Electrical ; Computer Engineering Department PRO. SOC. ISSUES IN ENG. Term Paper â€Å"TOYOTA’s sudden unintended acceleration† Submitted to: Dr. Abdul Kadir Mohammed Hamid Done by: Asma Al-Za’abi ID:20721529 Kawther Aljasmi ID:20721556 Introduction about Toyota : Toyota’s company is a product of many years of experience, production and high efficiency. Toyota has been one of the most successful companies all over the world.Toyota’s company success in leading the Japan’s economy to be NO. 1 in Asia, beside that Toyota is a major multinational car manufacturer headquartered in Japan. It was built by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937. Nowadays this factory is the first factory for cars in the world. And what make Toyota’s so special that it manufactured vehicles with high quality and simplicity in use, beside the less costly compared with the other companies, which make the use of Toyota vehicles so extended.Toyota is the sec ond largest producer of vehicles all over the world with a production of 6 million vehicles per year deployed in more than 160 countries, Also achieve an annual income of 108 billion dollars . Toyota produces a full range models of vehicles and employs 246, 700 staff. It is also one of the top ten companies in the list of Fortune Global 500 largest trading company, There is a survey that has been published in cnnMoney. com that Toyota is one of the most impressive and appreciated company. Kiichiro Toyoda,† founded the company in 1933, when he had just returned from a tour in the United States, he choose the spin factory which was owned by his father to set up a workshop for the vehicles industry. Then he produces the first models in 1935. Introduction about the mechanism : The throttle is a metal plate that connected to the end of the gas pedal this part controls the amount of the air that go to the vehicle’s engine. And the throttle body consists of 4 main parts which is: ? the throttle plate or butterfly valve ? electronic throttle control Sensor ?Engine Control Unit (ECU) Talking about the throttle body we have to give you an explanation about it. The main part on the throttle body is the throttle plate, which is a butterfly valve that controls the Intel gases. The throttle plate is communicated by a site of wire. To move the throttle plate there is an electronic throttle control that connects the throttle linkages and the accelerator pedal to a sensor which take the signal to the Engine Control Unit (ECU), which calculate the angel and give the exact position of the plate depending on the inputs.We can say that this part is controlled partially by the driver when he press on it the throttle the plate or the butterfly valves will be opened and the angle is depending on the force you apply it the more force the largest angle and vice versa. The problem : Unintended acceleration is the main problem in Toyota’s case. Where you suddenly feel like your vehicle’s speed is increasing up without any order from you to increase, and according to some cases what was happen that if you press on the pedals to drive by 80 km speed you notice that the vehicle is move according to 120 km speed and that is the basic problem here.Most of t he people thought that this problem is because of two reasons. The first one that when you drive the vehicle and while you applying your force on the gas pedals it stuck and it can’t be return to its normal position so this lead to our big problem the unintended acceleration . The second reason that the gas pedals didn’t stuck, but it take more time to return to its normal position this also cause the unintended acceleration that happen to the vehicle.These two reasons cause a lot of accidents resulting with number of deaths and injuries Toyota documented this problem by recalling 4. 2 million vehicles to replace the floor mats that might impede the pedals and what they did ab out this point is reducing the length of the floor mat from the top of it so the pedal can return easily without any difficulty, beside 2. 4 million to install a shim behind the electrical pedals assembly to make it return to its normal position at the expected time.All the pedals that are used in Toyota’s vehicles were manufactured by Canadian supplier CTS. Toyota’s engineer thought that the problem is solved for these pedals that it take time to return â€Å" slow down â€Å" or maybe it’s sticking in the floor mat . The problem Contd. : By doing the biggest recall ever Toyota’s thought that this is the end of the problem, but unfortunately and according to the complaints of 24,000 customers received by the NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) from Toyota’s vehicles users about problems in their vehicles.The cases of deaths and injuries is still recording , so Toyota has to do something with the system as a whole not only with the parts, and the NHTSA has eventually concluded that there was no mechanical problem !! It was not easy for Toyota to diagnose the real problem and it took long time to identify the issue they got confused if the issue is not about the two recalling or its about the system as whole or there is a problem about the electrical throttle concept.At the same time Mike Allen-senior automotive editor delves into modern car tech, explaining why widespread theories about electrical throttle problems and electromagnetic interference are misguided and he was making his own research about electromagnetic interference from devices. And he conclude that there is electrical devices in the cars contribute to the acceleration problem like : cell phones , navigators , TVs and cameras. The problem Contd. : According to this simple figure we will explain how Mike Allen proved his results about the electromagnetic inference and how it’s related to our case We will start with process backward. T he electronic throttle represented by the Actuators and it’s any part in the vehicles that take the action and the throttle is controlled by the ECU â€Å" Engine Control Unit â€Å" which can be compared to the CPU function in our PCs , All the process that happen in the vehicles must pass through the ECU . Let’s start with the main point of the case when you press on the pedals. There is a sensor that converts your movement into an electrical signal. And when these signals interface with the external signals which are brought by the electrical devices the vehicles become out of control.It speeds up and this is cause the sudden acceleration even the breaks can’t react in this case. We can simply summarize this case as the heart attack. When you go to the hospital and you checked that everything is doing its work very well. You can’t recognize that there is any problem in your body and you can’t estimate when the heart attack will happen it happe ns suddenly. This is so related to Toyota’s case where the vehicles parts are is our organs and the heart attack is the unintended acceleration. It can be also summarized by the â€Å"Hackers â€Å".When you received a virus from external resource like flash memories and websites you can’t blame the PCs Company because it’s not their fault. Also we can’t blame Toyota because they can’t control this wide problem. Also people notice that this problem become obvious in the snowy weather, because as we know that the vehicle slides if the street is wet , so imagine what would happen if the way is snowy beside that the vehicle is out of control and it’s speeding up , That will lead for disaster for sure !!Why this happen with Toyota only ? 1- Some parts are manufactured by another company, so it differ from one to another like in our case the pedals was manucfaterd by Canadian supplier. 2- The sensitivity of the system â€Å"ECU â€Å"is diffe ring from car to another. 3-This problem happen with more than automotive company , but the media focus on Toyota only because it is one of the successful companies in US and the middle east and the other companies like General motors and Ford motor took it as chance to shine ! What did TOYOTA do? Toyoda apologizes in tears Toyoda said that he wanted more than anyone else for Toyota to be safe. He said in English before they start answering questions through an interpreter: â€Å"My name is on every car. †, The Chairman of Toyota's Akio Toyoda apology to the American Congress and the users of company cars in the United States for a bug in the pedals speed in some categories of Toyota, which have caused traffic accidents, and he conclude this investigation by saying â€Å"we will double the quality â€Å". †¢Recalling processNHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) has received complaints from the customers who complain about the unintended acceleration of their TOYOTA’s vehicles, then Toyota asked NHTSA to help them in contacting with their customers. Toyota has recalled more than 8 million vehicles worldwide for problem related to sudden acceleration, which have been blamed for several accidents resulting in injuries and death . The automaker has repeatedly apologized for the lapses in quality control and TOYOTA technicians are working extended hours to repair the recalled vehicles, and the actual repair takes like 30 min. orks and TOYOTA will cover all costs associated with work. †¢Educating the public On the other hand Toyota focused on educating the users of Toyota vehicles about the problem itself , what to do if the customer face such a problem , what is the procedure that should be taken if the driver face this while he/she is driving , and a lot of information and details posted on their website. Also the concern about contacting with all the customers who has the vehicles that has this bug. What did TOYOTA do in U. A. E.?The Ministry of Economy appointed an officer to follow up on repairs and maintenance carried out by the company  «Al-Futtaim Motors » – Agents of Toyota company in UAE- to address the problem that might occur in these models of cars â€Å" Avalon â€Å" ; â€Å" Sequoia† which are more than 3200 cars during the period ranging from one month (24 February to 24 March ) The Code of Ethics of Toyota : â€Å"At Toyota, safety is a priority in everything we do – from the vehicles we put on the road to the people who drive them. That’s why we sponsor programs across the U.S . That encourage safety for drivers and passenger alike† Akio Toyoda According to this statement we drive the main ethical rule about our case, and Toyota’s case is the only case that was taken from the positive side †¢Obey the law. †¢ To be honest in word and deed. †¢ Respect the values of society. †¢ Being responsible. †¢ Perform their duties in accordance with the law †¢To have rules of conduct use of good governance and to avoid actions that could lead to conflict between the company and personal interests of society.Conclusion At the end, we can say that this problem is out of Toyota’s hand, although they do all what they can do in this case and they tried to limit this case as much as they can. It’s uncontrolled!! What would Toyota do if the guy next to you at a traffic light answered his cell phone? Or some ghost in the machine or a hacker caused a software glitch that made your car run away and the brakes suddenly fail? Toyota deserves a better deal than the media and Congress are giving it.

Mexico Democracy

Democracy requires several elements to succeed and grow. The leaders of a democracy must respect the boundaries they are given. Freedom of the press is an essential element of modern democracy. People must be willing to participate and support the system of government. Classes may exist in a democracy, but should not be perceived as a detriment to participation in a democracy. Cultural and ethnic cohesion will support a ‘group think’ toward policy and ideals. Mexico during its history lacked several of the elements for a successful democracy.Mexican independence was initially a continuation of Spanish colonialism. The government was not able to see a way forward without continuing policy. Every new nation has a bumpy time converting from monarchy to democracy, but Mexico faced a difficult cultural change. The Catholic Church had a strict hierarchy that also permeated the culture of Mexico and the indigenous people did not have a fair voice in the new government. The wars with France, the US and Texas did not help stabilize a new democracy and led to dissatisfaction and a non-cohesive government.Democracy could not grow in this environment and led to further dissatisfaction with the ‘democracy’ in Mexico. This allowed for a long period of dictatorship under Porfirio Diaz. Mexico was an agrarian society at the time and the lack of education led itself to a dictatorship. Although Diaz brought science and industry to Mexico, he did not allow democracy to flourish under this success. Diaz was more concerned with keeping centralized power of the country and did not allow mass participation in government. Any dissent was silenced. The press was not free and was used by the government to strengthen the Diaz government.Without freedom of the press and centralized power Mexico could not gain true democracy. A free press allows citizens the ability to criticize and form opinions of their government. Mexico did not have this ability under Diaz. Th e growth of the Haciendados continued to keep democracy at bay. With an uneducated and rural population, it is difficult to bring the ideals of democracy to the masses. One of the elements of a successful democracy is a literate voting block. Class seperation, education and the disenfranchisement of citizens continued to keep democracy at bay.Following the revolution of 1910, the leaders of the revolution were unable to gather a productive government. The ideals of revolution were difficult to govern; therefore the government reverted to learned behavior of the previous dictatorship. The cultural divide between indigenous tribes, Crillios and Spaniards was a further detriment to equality under the law in Mexico. The industrial revolution had already started tapping Mexican resources for production in the US and other countries. Corruption was continued and allowed to flourish to keep rebellious elements of the country under control.A democracy cannot move forward with a government t hat allows corruption. Fuentes speaks of the problems with a strong sense of national cohesion or â€Å"mexicaness. † A democracy requires a sense of strength as a people. One of the most famous lines from American democracy is â€Å"a government of the people, by the people, for the people. † Mexico does not have a government that they see in these terms. The continued struggle to gain land rights and justice in the Mexican system does not allow the citizenry to feel a part of their own country and government.The late 20th Century allowed for further economic growth, but governmental policy did not allow for the social structure to continue a growing democracy. Corruption has continued to plague Mexican politics leading citizens to distrust elections. The resent elections in Mexico have been as widely criticized as the elections of the early part of the century. Mexico continues to have a strict class system, uneducated indigenous people and cultural separation. Democ racy will continue to struggle to grow in a rocky environment until Mexico builds the social structure to support an educated society with further cohesion as a people.

Ethical behaviour of UK supermarket Tesco Essay

Introduction I carried out a research on UK supermarkets’ social responsibilities and business ethics, I decided I will use Tesco plc for this assignment. The reason being Tesco has a wide range of policies regarding their supplier, customers, shareholders and the community. â€Å"At Tesco, we aim to make a positive contribution to society. Our CSR programme builds on this commitment and is backed by our ‘Every Little Helps’ approach.† John Gardiner, chairman, Tesco Tesco adopted both the agency theory and the stakeholder theory and it has the intelligent self-interest (Mullins 2002). Tesco uses a combination approach of deontology, utilitarianism, teleology and egoism (Boddy 2002) to the ethical of the society. An ethical assessment will consider the position of the staff, the nature and interrelationship of activities, product and service ranges, mixes and balances, relationships with the community and the environment. Stakeholders of Tesco Stakeholder is defined by Mullins (2002:145) as â€Å"individuals or groups who have an interest in and/or are affected by the goals, operations or activities of the organisation or the behaviour of its members†. Stakeholders can be categorised into three main groups: Internal stakeholders * Employees – Social responsibilities to employees beyond the employment contracts. Employees need to face the implications such as job security, safe working conditions, fair treatment, the creation of rewarding work and personal development. Employees require equal opportunities, promotions, trade union, training and job satisfaction. * Management – Management concerns about the growth of the organisation and to achieve the organisational objectives. Management have strong influences on staff, lead by example and management by walking about can encourage its staff to produce their best performance. External stakeholders * Community & environment – The demands for the community and environment are: potential of pollution, noise and disposal waste should be kept to the minimum, raw materials are used economically and environment friendly production. * Society – Society is the broader place in which business operates. The quality of all our lives will depend on how well the organisation balances its profit and the environment. Connected stakeholders * Shareholder – There are three types of shareholders: short term investors, long term investors and ethical investors. Short term investors simply concentrate on the performance of the organisation, they will have no time for considerations of social responsibilities. Long term investors may be willing to consider evidence that managing in a socially responsible way helps long term profits. Ethical investors place social priorities higher than maximising their own personal wealth and are willing to invest in organisations that follow clear socially responsible policies. * Customers – Customers expect organisations to provide them with goods and services. They want the goods/service to be good quality, durable, good value for money, safety and performance. Consideration of Power All stakeholder groups have influence throughout the organisation. These influences effect the organisational performance and their existence within its market sector. * Employees – They can reflect their thoughts through the trade union, i.e. request pay raise, better working conditions, equal opportunities etc. If the employees are mistreated they can take industrial actions against the organisation or have an industrial strike to force the organisation to meet their needs. * Community & environment – If there is a potential of pollution, noise, disposal waste or the local county council can apply laws and regulations to limit those actions or to take legal actions against the organisation. * Society – If the quality of our life is affected by the organisation, campaigners can hold daily protests outside the organisation, this will attract bad publicity for the organisation. * Shareholders – They can simply withdrawn their investment from the organisation, i.e. selling their shares. Alternatively shareholders can attend the annual meeting and vote against the organisational suggestions. * Customers – They can simply stop consuming the goods or services from the organisation. I considered the customers have the main power over an organisation, without any customers the organisation simply cannot survive. Any organisation needs to take its stakeholders’ interests into account. A good balance of the decisions is vitally important, we can see how the influences have impact upon the organisation and any unbalance decision will affect the existence of the organisation. Tesco’s Mission Statement â€Å"Creating value for customers, to earn their lifetime loyalty† We can see from the above statement that Tesco concentrates on the long-term relationship with its customers. Tesco focused on providing exceptional value and choice for customers to ensure that they continue to grow market share. Tesco had expended significantly in the past 10 years, it started in non-food retailing in 1997 and now Tesco is creating value on a wide range of products from grocery to financial services such as personal loan, home and motor insurance and credit card services. From these evidences we can see Tesco is working very hard to follow its mission statement to achieve its goal. Tesco’s actions towards the society Tesco combined the agency theory and the stakeholder theory (Mullins 2002) when they make any ethical decisions. Milton Friedman’s view (Mullins 2002:148) suggested the agency theory is that â€Å"†¦the social responsibility of business is to make as much money as possible for the shareholders, within the rules of the game.† Mullins (2002:149) defined the stakeholder theory is that â€Å"†¦a business is for its stakeholders and its actions should be designed to balance stakeholder interest.† Tesco uses the agency theory to decide its main objective, it is to provide excellent goods and services to earn their customers’ loyalty. This will ensure their existence on the market and to maximise the shareholders’ investment. On the other hand, Tesco uses the stakeholder theory to act on behalf on its stakeholders interests, such as contribution towards the society, care for the environment and responsible to the supplier chain. Tesco also uses a combination approach of deontology, utilitarianism, teleology and egoism (Boddy 2002) to the ethical of the society. Deontology Approach â€Å"Deontology is based on the idea that we are morally obliged to follow fundamental rules of thumb or principles. (Frankena 1963)† Fulop & Linstead (1999:339) Part of the Tesco strategy of â€Å"Treat people how we like to be treated† uses the deontology approach to the ethics of the people, the policies are as follow: * All retailers, there’s one team†¦The Tesco Team * Trust and respect each other * Strive to do our very best * Give support to each other and praise more than criticise * Ask more than tell and share knowledge so that it can be used * Enjoy work, celebrate success and learn from experience Tesco acts only on those principles so that they are not only â€Å"Treat people how we like to be treated†, but also wish others to do the same. Utilitarianism Approach â€Å"Utilitarianism judges the moral worth of actions by the utility of their foreseeable consequences for each and every person affected by a certain set of actions.† Fulop & Linstead (1999:339) Tesco aims to be responsible in their commercial and trading activities. Tesco is a member of the Ethical Trade Initiative since it was founded in 1998, on top of that, it also supports the work of Fairtrade Foundation. They sell and promote Fairtrade production such as tea, coffee, banana and chocolate. Fairtrade Foundation was set to give better deal for third world producers, regardless of the world market conditions. There are several reasons why Tesco uses the utilitarianism approach to the ethics of the society. First it wants to build a strong relationship with its supplier and to maintain their reputation within the market sector. From the result of having strong relationship with its suppliers, they will have a stable supply for its goods and services. Teleology Approach â€Å"It considers whether the outcome of an action accomplishes the original goal.† Boddy (2002:133) Tesco uses the teleology approach to consider whether the outcomes achieve the original goals. Boddy (2002) suggested that if an act ensures the continuation of the organisation then it is right. From Tesco’s mission statement we can see that the original goal for Tesco is to keep its market share and continue to grow within its market sector by creating value for its customers. It is obvious that Tesco is performance very well in its industry, they keep expanding their services and products (from grocery to financial services), which indicates the continue growth for Tesco. Egoism Approach â€Å"This is the ‘ethics of self-interest, claiming that personal or corporate benefit is the only rational criterion for judging economic actions.† Boddy (2002:133) Tesco is a financial contributor to the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experimentation (FRAME), and they are seeking ways to end animal testing. Tesco also carries out the Computers for Schools vouchers, which support local school to improve their computer equipments, to create a better learning environment for children. Tesco is a national sponsor of Cancer Research UK’s Race for Life, this is only part of the charity works that Tesco has, there is also a Tesco Charity Trust which helps local and national charities as well as voluntary organisations to provide practical support for children, the elderly, and people with disabilities. Tesco uses this approach to take above actions to contribute towards the local community. Boddy (2002) suggested that if people follow this principle it will result in general good. Because of the contribution Tesco made (Computers for Schools vouchers and charity’s activities), customers are more happy to shop in Tesco because they are able to maximise their personal self-interest towards the society. Improvement in ethical behaviour of Tesco Tesco has a wide range of ethical policies to cover different areas, they include the following: * Human right * Local community sponsorship * Charity * Ethical trading * Fairtrade * Animal Testing * Environment These are only a small selection of Tesco’s policies which I can find on its website, there are many more policies to cover different area of the ethical aspect. Since we are in a dynamic business world and there is no set policy can cover all changes, Tesco should expand its policies and to improve and maintain its reputation. Conclusion Survival or long-term performance is the main ethical duty of the organisation, its staff, customers, community and other stakeholders. For this to happen, a long-term view must be taken. Organisation must distinguish between right and wrong. It is necessary for the organisation to recognise the nature and legitimacy of the interests of the different stakeholder groups and interested parties, and to take steps to see that these are widely understood and satisfied as far as possible.    Bibliography Boddy D, (2002), 2nd Edition, Management – An Introduction, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow Fulop L & Linstead S, (1999), Management – A Critical Text, Macmillan Press Ltd, Hampshire Hannagan T, (1995), Management Concepts & Practices, Pitman Publishing, London Megginson L, Mosley & Pietri P Jr, (1986), 2nd Edition, Management: Concepts and Applications, Harper & Row Publishers Inc, New York Mullins L, (2002), 6th Edition, Management & Organisational Behaviour, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow Pettinger R, (2002), 3rd Edition, Introduction to Management, Palgrave, Hampshire Robbins S & Coulter M, (2003), 7th Edition, Management, Pearson Education Inc, New Jersey Internet Resources: http://www.tesco.com/corporateinfo/ 14/03/2004 http://www.tesco.com/everylittlehelps/ 14/03/2004 Reference Boddy D, (2002), 2nd Edition, Management – An Introduction, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow Fulop L & Linstead S, (1999), Management – A Critical Text, Macmillan Press Ltd, Hampshire Mullins L, (2002), 6th Edition, Management & Organisational Behaviour, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow Internet Resources: http://www.tesco.com/corporateinfo/ 14/03/2004 http://www.tesco.com/everylittlehelps/ 14/03/2004

Financial Crisis Impacts on the Employees' Motivational Aspects Research Paper

Financial Crisis Impacts on the Employees' Motivational Aspects - Research Paper Example Based on the responses of these employees, who belonged to different levels in the two organizations, the research concluded that there was indeed a lowered morale and motivation during the crisis. The reason for this was lack of resources and tools available to perform work at optimum levels, lack of incentives and motivators, lack of managerial support and fear and insecurity.The research also found that the managers can help alleviate the situation by taking a more dynamic role, making themselves available to the employees, setting clear targets, giving clear directions and guidance for achieving targets, and by showing their support and commitment to the employees. The managers can encourage employees, even when there are no external motivators, by simply showing their concern and by being honest and open with them.The research, therefore, concluded with a list of these recommendations that the organizations can follow in order to keep their employees motivated even during the cr isis.The economic and financial crisis of 2008/9 led to massive changes in the understanding of how business and organizations needed to be run. While there were very drastic implications for all, like job losses, pay cuts and loss of benefits and incentives, there were also several lessons that were learned about people management and work culture. Though the crisis may well have receded, there is widespread unemployment and loss of investor confidence that is dampening any prospects of growth. Employees have been seeing a downturn in their prospects due to non-availability of alternative jobs as well as due to lack of interests that their organization may be showing in retaining them.